Fig. 10


Comparison of prediction results of each model. The black line represents the true value; the red line represents the predicted value of the VMD-iCHOA-GRU model; the green line represents the predicted value of the VMD-GRU model; the blue line represents the predicted value of the iCHOA-GRU model; the cyan line represents the predicted value of the CHOA-GRU model; and the pink line represents the predicted value of the GRU model.