Fig. 11


Comparison of evaluation results of each model. Shows the values of the evaluation metrics for each model, where the red color represents the VMD-iCHOA-GRU model; the green line represents the VMD-GRU model; the blue line represents the iCHOA-GRU model; the cyan line represents the CHOA-GRU model; and the pink line represents the VMD-GRU model.