Table 2 Effect of body mass index on COPD development according to the Asian body mass index category.

From: Association between body mass index and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young individuals: a nationwide population‑based cohort study

BMI (kg/m2)

n

COPD

Duration (PY)

IR (per 1000 PY)

Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Total

< 18.5

479,465

1,176

3,974,896.84

0.2959

1.195 (1.123, 1.272)

1.383 (1.298, 1.474)

1.371 (1.286, 1.460)

1.370 (1.286, 1.460)

18.5–22.9

2,950,675

6,099

24,614,001.13

0.2478

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

23.0–24.9

1,208,895

2,572

10,150,626.96

0.2534

1.021 (0.975, 1.070)

0.907 (0.865, 0.951)

0.905 (0.864, 0.949)

0.901 (0.860, 0.945)

25.0–29.9

1,397,745

3,176

11,726,278.97

0.2708

1.092 (1.046, 1.140)

0.933 (0.892, 0.976)

0.916 (0.876, 0.958)

0.895 (0.854, 0.938)

≥ 30.0

267,989

761

2,209,332.13

0.3445

1.393 (1.292, 1.502)

1.256 (1.164, 1.355)

1.178 (1.091, 1.271)

1.112 (1.023, 1.208)

Male*

< 18.5

99,928

477

832,853.66

0.5727

2.040 (1.853, 2.246)

2.194 (1.993, 2.416)

2.108 (1.914, 2.322)

2.114 (1.919, 2.328)

18.5–22.9

1,364,031

3,228

11,474,060.06

0.2813

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

23.0–24.9

908,734

1,924

7,674,981.37

0.2507

0.890 (0.841, 0.942)

0.824 (0.779, 0.872)

0.831 (0.785, 0.879)

0.826 (0.780, 0.874)

25.0–29.9

1,152,716

2,523

9,717,014.52

0.2597

0.922 (0.875, 0.972)

0.823 (0.781, 0.867)

0.818 (0.776, 0.862)

0.796 (0.753, 0.841)

≥ 30.0

207,247

550

1,717,774.77

0.3202

1.141 (1.042, 1.249)

1.073 (0.981, 1.175)

1.033 (0.943, 1.130)

0.968 (0.877, 1.068)

Female*

< 18.5

379,537

699

3,142,043.18

0.2225

1.018 (0.938, 1.106)

1.107 (1.019, 1.203)

1.101 (1.013, 1.197)

1.102 (1.014, 1.198)

18.5–22.9

1,586,644

2,871

13,139,941.07

0.2185

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

23.0–24.9

300,161

648

2,475,645.59

0.2618

1.198 (1.100, 1.305)

1.118 (1.026, 1.218)

1.097 (1.007, 1.195)

1.091 (1.001, 1.188)

25.0–29.9

245,029

653

2,009,264.45

0.3250

1.489 (1.367, 1.621)

1.373 (1.261, 1.496)

1.300 (1.193, 1.416)

1.264 (1.157, 1.381)

≥ 30.0

60,742

211

491,557.36

0.4293

1.969 (1.712, 2.265)

1.885 (1.639, 2.168)

1.629 (1.415, 1.874)

1.494 (1.279, 1.745)

  1. Model 1: non-adjusted.
  2. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex.
  3. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, asthma, and pneumonia.
  4. Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, asthma, pneumonia, and metabolic syndrome.
  5. *Sex was excluded from multivariate models.
  6. BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PY: person-year; IR: incidence rate; Ref.: reference.
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