Fig. 9

Impact of including all control factors excluding vaccination, that is, \(g_{1}\ne g_{2}\ne g_{4}\ne g_{5}\ne 0\) and \(g_{3}=0\). The scenario lacking controls and including controls adopting approach II in view of discrete fractional-order for mABC difference operator when \(\wp =[0.95~0.9~0.85~0.75]\).