Table 1 Participant’s characteristics (n = 71).

From: Utilization of telemedicine in conjunction with wearable devices for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Variables

Usual care

Telemedicine

p-value

Effect size

(n = 34)

(n = 37)

Women, n (%)

26 (76%)

29 (78%)

0.848

0.023

Age, years

56.6 (14.3)

56.5 (14.7)

0.498

0.001

Age, n (%)

    

   ≤ 39, years

3 (9%)

2 (5%)

0.393

0.205

  40–49, years

6 (18%)

13 (35%)

  

  50–59, years

10 (29%)

10 (27%)

  

  60 ≤ , years

15 (44%)

12 (32%)

  

Body mass index, kg/m2

22.3 (4.2)

23.2 (4.6)

0.196

0.205

Marital status, n (%)

    

  Single, never married

8 (24%)

9 (24%)

0.340

0.217

  Divorced

8 (24%)

3 (8%)

  

  Married

16 (47%)

22 (59%)

  

  Widowed

2 (6%)

3 (8%)

  

Education, n (%)

    

  Middle school graduate

3 (9%)

3 (8%)

0.992

0.015

  High school graduate

23 (68%)

25 (68%)

  

  University graduate

8 (24%)

9 (24%)

  

Employment, n (%)

    

  Employed full-time

5 (15%)

9 (24%)

0.467

0.224

  Employed part-time

6 (18%)

7 (19%)

  

  Self-employed

1 (3%)

4 (11%)

  

  Retired

1 (3%)

1 (3%)

  

  Unemployed

21 (62%)

16 (43%)

  

Welfare recipient, n (%)

4 (12%)

2 (5%)

0.336

0.114

Annual household income, n (%)

    

   ≤ 2 million, yen

9 (26%)

3 (8%)

0.114

0.271

  2 million–4 million, yen

10 (29%)

15 (41%)

  

  4 million ≤ , yen

13 (38%)

9 (24%)

  

  Not reported

2 (6%)

10 (27%)

  

Comorbidities, n (%)

    

  Depression

17 (50%)

13 (35%)

0.205

0.150

Primary pain diagnosis, n (%)

    

  Arthritis

8 (24%)

9 (24%)

0.990

0.064

  Fibromyalgia

10 (29%)

11 (30%)

  

  Unknown (chronic neck or shoulder pain)

6 (18%)

5 (14%)

  

  Unknown (chronic back pain)

8 (24%)

10 (27%)

  

  Unknown (chronic leg or knee pain)

2 (6%)

2 (5%)

  

Location of pain, n (%)

    

  Neck or shoulder

6 (18%)

8 (22%)

0.271

0.235

  Back

10 (29%)

11 (30%)

  

  Leg or knee

2 (6%)

7 (19%)

  

  Widespread

16 (47%)

11 (30%)

  

Pain duration, n (%)

    

   < 3 year

5 (15%)

8 (22%)

0.797

0.120

  3–5 year

11 (32%)

11 (30%)

  

  5–10 year

9 (26%)

11 (30%)

  

  10 ≤ year

9 (26%)

7 (19%)

  
  1. Continuous variables were represented as mean and standard deviations, while categorical variables were represented as the number and percentage of patients. Cohen’s d, and Cramer’s V were used to evaluate the magnitude of the effect size.
  2. There was no significant difference in participant’s characteristics (p ≥ 0.05).
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