Fig. 4

Effects of PGEO-NE on acetic acid induced nociception in mice. The graph shows total number of abdominal writhings in 30 min after acetic acid injection and the involvement of opioid receptor antagonist, Naloxone, in the acetic acid test. DIC: diclofenac sodium, PGEO-NE: Pelargonium graveolens essential oil nanoemulsion, NLX; Naloxone. The data are presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus the vehicle-treated group, ## P < 0.01 versus the PGEO-NE (100 mg/kg) group, and §§§ P < 0.001 versus the morphine group, in ANOVA test.