Fig. 9

Validation of the 6-gene risk model in external datasets. (A-B) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the risk signature in the GSE17260 cohort, showing significant differences in OS (P < 0.01) and progression-free survival (PFS) (P < 0.01) between high- and low-risk groups. (C) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in the GSE14764 cohort, revealing significantly poorer OS in the high-risk group. (D) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in the ICGC cohort, revealing significantly poorer OS in the high-risk group. (E-H) Time-dependent ROC curves for OS and PFS in GSE17260, GSE14764 and ICGC cohorts, with AUC values ranging from 0.741 to 0.817, confirming the model’s strong prognostic performance across independent cohorts.