Table 3 Statistical metrics of QIO and other algorithms.

From: Quadratic interpolation optimization-based 2DoF-PID controller design for highly nonlinear continuous stirred-tank heater process

Algorithm

Mean

Standard Deviation

Minimum

Maximum

QIO

54.2382

1.1033

52.6389

56.6445

DE

61.0975

1.7772

57.9184

65.8938

PSO

60.0273

1.3342

57.8845

63.1354

FLA

58.5222

1.4717

56.2536

61.8177

MGO

56.8670

1.2076

54.5308

59.6848