Table 5 Comparison of time response characteristics of 2DoF-PID controlled systems.

From: Quadratic interpolation optimization-based 2DoF-PID controller design for highly nonlinear continuous stirred-tank heater process

Algorithm

\({N}_{os}\)(%)

\({N}_{se}\)(%)

\({N}_{st}\)(s)

\({N}_{rt}\)(s)

QIO

1.6480

1.8415E − 04

202.3821

59.3230

DE

1.8781

0.0115

244.6652

87.2591

PSO

1.9740

0.0122

296.9894

139.6771

FLA

1.8701

1.8488E − 04

222.5771

69.6961

MGO

1.9288

0.0255

215.6967

67.5003