Table 4 The experimental results of batch size optimization.

From: Channel equalization in ultraviolet communication based on LSTM-DNN hybrid model

Batch size

Training time (seconds/epoch)

The final accuracy of the test set

Training stability

32

6.2

92.9%

Stable training, but high computational cost

64

4.1

93.1%

Stable training and moderate computational efficiency

128

2.7

91.5%

Unstable training, significant loss oscillation