Fig. 4

Taxonomic composition of gut microbiome communities of term newborns with critical congenital heart defects with or without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) across the perioperative period. (A) Mean relative abundance at the phylum level in each studied cohort group. (B) Mean relative abundance at the genus level in each studied cohort group. (C) Alpha-diversity based on Faith’s phylogenetic diversity, Pielou evenness diversity, Shannon diversity, and Observed species metrics between studied groups. Data is shown in box plots with median and 25–75th percentiles (boxes) and 10–90th percentiles (whiskers). Each dot represents one sample. (D) The two-dimensional UMAP with Jaccard metric visualization of the beta diversity between infant groups at the phylum (up) and genus (down) levels. Each dot represents one sample. (E) Venn diagram representing distribution of all identified 231 taxa (left) and the top 40 most abundant taxa (right) between cohort groups. (F) Mean relative abundance at the species level in each cohort group. No-NEC_BS (n = 11) and No-NEC_AS (n = 12) represent no-NEC newborns before and after cardiac surgery; NEC_BS (n = 8) and NEC_AS (n = 6) represent NEC newborns before and after cardiac surgery, respectively.