Fig. 5

Series analysis reveals distinct gut microbiome landscapes of term newborns with critical congenital heart defects, comparing those with and without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), across the perioperative period. (A) Differentially abundant bacterial taxa, identified by DESeq2 analysis between cohort groups. The threshold for statistical significance was a false detection ratio (FDR) < 0.05 (adjusted p < 0.05). A positive LFC (Log2FoldChange) value means that the corresponding bacterial taxa are higher represented in group 1 vs. group 2. A negative LFC value means that the corresponding bacterial taxa are lower represented in group 1 vs. group 2. (B-C) Differentially abundant taxa identified by linear discriminant analysis of effect size (LefSe) between cohort groups before (left) and after (right) cardiac surgery. (B) Distribution histogram based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with a threshold value > 2.0 and p < 0.05. (C) Taxonomic cladogram. Red and green colors represent bacteria with increased relative abundance during the perioperative period. No-NEC_BS (n = 11) and No-NEC_AS (n = 12) represent no-NEC newborns before and after cardiac surgery; NEC_BS (n = 8) and NEC_AS (n = 6) represent NEC newborns before and after cardiac surgery, respectively.