Table 1 Association of DM complications with sociodemographic characteristics.

From: Prevalence and impact of sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and lifestyle on diabetes complications among patients with type 2 diabetes in Riyadh

Characteristics

Variables

Status of complication, n

(percentage within characteristics)

P value*

Relative risk#

No

(602)

Yes

(378)

Total (980)

Age (years)

< 36 years

245 (8)

62 (20)

307 (31)

0.001

3.498

≥ 36 years

357 (53)

316 (47)

673 (69)

Gender

Male

373 (61)

234 (39)

607 (62)

0.986

1.002

Female

229 (61)

144 (39)

373 (38)

Nationality

Saudi

509 (635)

306 (38)

815 (83)

0.143

1.288

Non-Saudi

93 (56)

72 (44)

165 (17)

Educational level

Bachelor’s degree and above

300 (71)

122 (29)

422 (43)

0.001

2.084

Less than a bachelor’s degree

302 (54)

256 (46)

558 (57)

Marital status

Married

362 (57)

277 (43)

639 (65)

0.001

0.550

Single

240 (70)

101 (30)

341 (35)

Employment status

Employed

320 (69)

143 (31)

463 (47)

0.001

1.865

Unemployed

282 (55)

235 (45)

517 (53)

Overall family income

Less than 5000 SAR

369 (65)

201 (35)

570 (58)

0.012

1.395

More than 5000 SAR

233 (57)

177 (43)

410 (42)

  1. *Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test, whichever is applicable.
  2. #The risk of developing complications in the case group compared with the control group (control/case). The second variable for ‘characteristic’ is considered ‘case’, whereas the first is taken as ‘control’.