Table 2 Univariable analyses of factors associated with the false positives of the HHIE-S in populations with normal hearing and the false negatives of the HHIE-S in populations with hearing loss.
Variables | Normal Hearing (n = 110) | Hearing Loss (n = 663) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH Accuracy Group (n = 95) | False Positive Group (n = 15) | Statistics values | P value | HL Accuracy Group (n = 422) | False negative Group (n = 241) | Statistics values | P value | |
Age(years), Mean ± SD | 67.15 ± 6.303 | 65.93 ± 4.496 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 72.20 ± 7.509 | 70.40 ± 6.997 | 3.05 | 0.01 |
Gender, N(%) | ||||||||
Male | 38(40.00%) | 3(20.00%) | 2.22 | 0.14 | 188(44.55%) | 104(43.15%) | 0.12 | 0.73 |
Female | 57(60.00%) | 12(80.00%) | 234(55.45%) | 137(56.85%) | ||||
Body Mass Index, N(%), kg/cm2 | ||||||||
<18.5 | 2(2.11%) | 1(6.67%) | 1.69 | 0.43 | 13(3.08%) | 5(2.07%) | 0.68 | 0.71 |
18-24.9 | 51(53.68%) | 6(40.00%) | 236(55.92%) | 139(57.68%) | ||||
≥ 25 | 42(44.21%) | 8(53.33%) | 173(41.00%) | 97(37.76%) | ||||
Living alone, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 89(93.68%) | 14(93.33%) | 0.01 | 0.96 | 376(89.10%) | 199(82.57%) | 5.68 | 0.02 |
Yes | 6(6.32%) | 1(6.67%) | 46(10.90%) | 42(17.43%) | ||||
Occupation, N(%) | ||||||||
Unemployed | 5(5.26%) | 2(13.33%) | 1.46 | 0.48 | 53(12.56%) | 28(11.62%) | 0.36 | 0.84 |
Physical labor | 25(26.32%) | 4(26.67%) | 202(47.87%) | 121(50.21%) | ||||
Mental labor | 65(68.42%) | 9(60.00%) | 167(39.57%) | 92(38.17%) | ||||
Smoking, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 87((91.58%) | 14(93.33%) | 0.05 | 0.82 | 133(31.52%) | 48(19.92%) | 10.40 | 0.001 |
Yes | 8(8.42%) | 1(6.67%) | 289(68.48%) | 193(80.08%) | ||||
Alcohol Consumption, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 87(91.58%) | 13(86.67%) | 0.38 | 0.54 | 336(79.62%) | 204(84.65%) | 2.57 | 0.11 |
Yes | 8(8.42%) | 2(13.33%) | 86(20.38%) | 37(15.35%) | ||||
Education Background, N(%) | ||||||||
Less than high school education | 9(9.47%) | 3(20.00%) | 1.48 | 0.48 | 96(22.75%) | 36(14.94%) | 5.93 | 0.05 |
High school education | 35(36.85%) | 5(33.33%) | 165(39.10%) | 106(43.98%) | ||||
More than high school education | 51(53.68%) | 7(46.67%) | 161(38.15%) | 99(41.08%) | ||||
Noise exposure, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 79(83.16%) | 13(86.67%) | 0.12 | 0.73 | 352(83.41%) | 211(87.55%) | 2.05 | 0.15 |
Yes | 16(16.84%) | 2(13.33%) | 70(16.59%) | 30(12.45%) | ||||
Hypertension, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 51(53.68%) | 12(80.00%) | 3.67 | 0.06 | 178(42.18%) | 130(53.94%) | 8.53 | 0.003 |
Yes | 44(46.32%) | 3(20.00%) | 244(57.82%) | 111(46.06%) | ||||
Diabetes, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 73(76.84%) | 13(86.67%) | 0.73 | 0.39 | 278(65.88%) | 173(71.78%) | 2.46 | 0.12 |
Yes | 22(23.16%) | 2(13.33%) | 144(34.12%) | 68(28.22%) | ||||
Coronary Heart Disease, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 89(90.68%) | 12(80.00%) | 3.23 | 0.07 | 301(71.33%) | 177(73.44%) | 0.34 | 0.56 |
Yes | 6(6.32%) | 3(20.00%) | 121(28.67%) | 64(26.56%) | ||||
Cerebrovascular Disease, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 85(89.47%) | 11(73.33%) | 3.04 | 0.08 | 386(91.47%) | 214(88.80%) | 1.27 | 0.26 |
Yes | 10(10.53%) | 4(26.67%) | 36(8.53%) | 27(11.20%) | ||||
Cognition decline, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 72(75.79%) | 14(93.33%) | 2.34 | 0.13 | 213(50.47%) | 97(40.25%) | 6.44 | 0.01 |
Yes | 23(24.21%) | 1(6.67%) | 209(49.53%) | 144(59.75%) | ||||
Depression, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 84(88.42%) | 11(73.33%) | 2.50 | 0.11 | 338(80.09%) | 198(82.16%) | 0.42 | 0.52 |
Yes | 11(11.58%) | 4(26.67%) | 84(19.91%) | 43(17.84%) | ||||
Anxiety, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 88(92.63%) | 15(100.00%) | 1.18 | 0.28 | 338(80.09%) | 175(72.61%) | 4.90 | 0.03 |
Yes | 7(7.37%) | 0(0.00%) | 84(19.91%) | 66(27.39%) | ||||
Tinnitus, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 90(94.74%) | 7(46.67%) | 28.72 | <0.001 | 221(52.37%) | 115(47.72%) | 1.33 | 0.25 |
Yes | 5(5.26%) | 8(53.33%) | 201(47.63%) | 126(52.28%) | ||||
Vertigo, N(%) | ||||||||
No | 60(63.16%) | 7(46.67%) | 1.48 | 0.22 | 266(63.03%) | 151(62.66%) | 0.01 | 0.92 |
Yes | 35(36.84%) | 8(53.33%) | 156(36.97%) | 90(37.34%) | ||||
