Table 3 Comparison of inference and training time.

From: Intelligent traffic congestion forecasting using BiLSTM and adaptive secretary bird optimizer for sustainable urban transportation

Methods

Inference time (s)

Training time (s)

RL

11.2

4.5

DQL

9.34

3.1

LSTM

9.12

2.0

BiLSTM

8.3

1.7

Proposed (RL with BiLSTM-ASBO)

3.1

1.1

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