Table 1 Baseline characteristics of In(dietary vitamin K intake) in different subgroups of NAFLD.

From: Dietary vitamin K intake associates with reduced all-cause mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

Variables

T1, N = 2922(33%)

T2, N = 2602(33%)

T3, N = 2333(34%)

P-value

Age(years)

   

0.001

20–40 y

706 (28%)

608 (27%)

479 (21%)

 

40–60 y

1213 (45%)

1204 (48%)

1128 (52%)

 

  > 60 y

1003 (27%)

790 (25%)

726 (27%)

 

Gender, n (%)

   

0.010

Female

1435 (47%)

1144 (44%)

1020 (41%)

 

Male

1487 (53%)

1458 (56%)

1313 (59%)

 

Race, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

Mexican American

1000 (20%)

845 (20%)

532 (12%)

 

Non-hispanic black

215 (4.2%)

195 (4.1%)

228 (4.6%)

 

Non-hispanic white

1147 (62%)

1045 (63%)

1029 (68%)

 

Other race

560 (14%)

517 (13%)

544 (15%)

 

Education level, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

Above high school

987 (42%)

1163 (52%)

1325 (65%)

 

High school

729 (30%)

658 (29%)

491 (22%)

 

Below high school

1206 (28%)

781 (20%)

517 (13%)

 

Hypertension history, n (%)

   

0.20

Yes

1291(44%)

1145(43%)

1123(47%)

 

No

1625(56%)

1451(57%)

1208(53%)

 

Diabetes History, n (%)

990 (29%)

849 (27%)

807 (29%)

0.50

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.75(1.24,2.56)

1.75(1.25,2.50)

1.73(1.20,2.63)

0.80

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.02(4.32,5.74)

4.99(4.32,5.66)

5.02(4.37,5.77)

0.40

BMI group, n (%)

   

0.20

Normal weight group

184 (5.4%)

115 (3.6%)

127 (4.5%)

 

Overweight group

790 (24%)

722 (25%)

631 (26%)

 

Obesity group

1948(71%)

1765(71%)

1575(70%)

 

Alcohol consumption history,

n (%)

292(11%)

313(14%)

332(17%)

 < 0.001

Smoking Status, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

Current smoker

599(22%)

424(18%)

298(13%)

 

Former smoker

776(27%)

716(27%)

679(30%)

 

Never smoker

1545(51%)

1461(56%)

1355(57%)

 

Total energy intake(kcal)

1638(1244,2061)

2029(1622,2563)

2136(1741,2679)

 < 0.001

HEI-2020 Score(0–100)

45(37,53)

48(41,57)

53(45,61)

 < 0.001

GGT(U/L)

28(20,42)

27(20,42)

28(21,44)

0.20

Total bilirubin (µmol/L)

10.3 (6.8, 12.0)

10.3 (6.8, 13.7)

10.3 (6.8, 12.0)

0.12

AST (U/L)

24 (20, 29)

24 (20, 29)

24 (20, 29)

 > 0.9

ALP(IU/L)

73 (60, 91)

73 (60, 87)

72 (59, 86)

0.062

ALT(U/L)

25 (19, 35)

26 (20, 37)

26 (19, 36)

0.2

Dietary supplement use, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

Yes

1198(44%)

1274(51%)

1324(59%)

 

No

1722(56%)

1328 (49%)

1009(41%)

 

Moderate-intensity exercise duration (min/day)

45 (30, 60)

45 (30, 60)

45 (30, 60)

0.8

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

395 (12%)

292 (10%)

271 (10%)

0.2

  1. AST, aspartic transaminase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2). Normal weight group: BMI < 25 kg/m2, Overweight group: BMI 25–30 kg/m2, Obesity group: BMI > 30 kg/m2. HEI2020 = Healthy Eating Index 2020. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better adherence to dietary guidelines; aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase. T: tertiles of dietary vitamin K intake (T1: lowest tertile of dietary vitamin K intake, T2: middle tertile of dietary vitamin K intake, T3: highest tertile of dietary vitamin K intake); P: Probability value indicating the likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance. A lower P-value (typically < 0.05) suggests statistical significance.
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