Table 2 Time domain characteristic values of different vibration signals.

From: Remaining useful life prediction method of centrifugal pump rolling bearings based on digital twins

Characteristic

Bearing13

Bearing31

Measured

Simulated

DT

Measured

Simulated

DT

Max

48.1280

13.2145

47.1674

6.973

3.450

6.8336

Min

−48.1480

−13.2275

−47.1870

−41.297

−21.210

−39.2320

Average

0.0004

0.0001

0.0004

0.0026

0.0006

0.0064

Variance

1.4090

0.0164

1.3538

0.1435

0.0841

0.1334

Std. Deviation

1.1870

0.3262

1.1635

0.3788

0.2901

0.3652

Skewness

−1.2262

−12.2245

−1.2256

−4.8503

−13.8084

−4.5681

Kurtosis

155.6232

56.2945

155.5187

362.6990

92.1389

361.6345

RMS

1.1870

0.3262

1.1635

0.3787

0.3257

0.3653

Waveform factor

2.1684

0.1619

2.1669

1.4480

0.8309

1.4470

Peaking factor

81.1132

21.0643

81.0947

127.4312

63.0834

126.1265

Pulse factor

175.8723

75.2547

175.7272

184.5363

84.0772

182.4931