Table 3 ANCOVA* between loneliness groups (high vs. low) and facial emotion processing among people with HIV.

From: Loneliness is related to facial emotion perception in people with HIV

Facial Emotion Perception Test

Overall loneliness

P-value

High

(n = 29)

M (SE)

Low

(n = 50)

M (SE)

Overall Accuracy

0.47 (0.04)

0.60 (0.03)

0.007

Fear

0.50 (0.05)

0.55 (0.04)

0.386

Sad

0.47 (0.05)

0.54 (0.03)

0.202

Anger

0.43 (0.05)

0.56 (0.04)

0.053

Happy

0.77 (0.05)

0.88 (0.04)

0.056

Neutral

0.17 (0.06)

0.46 (0.05)

< 0.001

Negativity bias

0.14 (0.02)

0.08 (0.01)

0.013

Inaccuracy within the negative emotion spectrum

0.27 (0.02)

0.15 (0.02)

< 0.001

Fear bias

0.13 (0.02)

0.07 (0.01)

0.002

Sad bias

0.13 (0.02)

0.07 (0.01)

0.026

Anger bias

0.07 (0.01)

0.03 (0.01)

0.022

Neutral bias

0.02 (0.01)

0.05 (0.01)

0.025

Facial Emotion Perception Test

Emotional loneliness

P-value

High

(n = 26)

M (SE)

Low

(n = 53)

M (SE)

Overall Accuracy

0.41 (0.04)

0.62 (0.02)

< 0.001

Fear

0.40 (0.05)

0.60 (0.03)

0.003

Sad

0.45 (0.05)

0.54 (0.03)

0.140

Anger

0.36 (0.05)

0.59 (0.04)

< 0.001

Happy

0.70 (0.05)

0.91 (0.03)

< 0.001

Neutral

0.15 (0.06)

0.45 (0.04)

< 0.001

Negativity bias

0.13 (0.02)

0.09 (0.01)

0.164

Inaccuracy within the negative emotion spectrum

0.24 (0.03)

0.17 (0.02)

0.060

Fear bias

0.12 (0.02)

0.08 (0.01)

0.057

Sad bias

0.11 (0.02)

0.09 (0.01)

0.319

Anger bias

0.06 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)

0.321

Neutral bias

0.02 (0.01)

0.05 (0.01)

0.020

Facial Emotion Perception Test

Social loneliness

P-value

High

(n = 30)

M (SE)

Low

(n = 49)

M (SE)

Overall Accuracy

0.53 (0.04)

0.56 (0.03)

0.536

Fear

0.58 (0.05)

0.50 (0.04)

0.265

Sad

0.47 (0.04)

0.54 (0.03)

0.243

Anger

0.49 (0.05)

0.53 (0.04)

0.519

Happy

0.83 (0.05)

0.84 (0.04)

0.081

Neutral

0.28 (0.07)

0.40 (0.05)

0.153

Negativity bias

0.12 (0.02)

0.09 (0.01)

0.164

Inaccuracy within the negative emotion spectrum

0.24 (0.03)

0.16 (0.02)

0.017

Fear bias

0.11 (0.02)

0.08 (0.01)

0.076

Sad bias

0.11 (0.02)

0.09 (0.01)

0.452

Anger bias

0.07 (0.01)

0.03 (0.01)

0.018

Neutral bias

0.04 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)

0.644

  1. Negativity bias = misperception of happy and neutral faces as negative emotions; inaccuracy within the negative emotion spectrum = correctly identifying an emotion is negative but incorrectly identifying which negative emotion it is; bias for specific emotion = pattern of misperceiving other emotions as this emotion). *controlling for race (black, white, other).
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