Fig. 2
From: Oxytocin reduces asymmetries in dominance relationships between pairs of captive female lions
Asymmetrical resources possession, demonstrating dominant-subordinate relationships, decreases with oxytocin (n = 10 pairs, 380 rounds). Data show mean within-pair proportion that dominant or subordinate individual possessed the resource under neutral (N) and non-neutral (NN) treatments. Error bars show standard error. In all treatments, the subordinate individual was less likely to possess the resource than the dominant (Binomial GLMM β: −5.3 ± 0.59, p < 0.0001 for neutral, β: −1.98 ± 0.3, p < 0.0001 for non-neutral). However, in non-neutral trials testing the “ownership” rule, the subordinate displayed a significant increase in maintaining possession after oxytocin (β: 1.2 ± 0.4, p = 0.01), decreasing asymmetry in pairwise dominance relationships.
