Table 2 GLMM models for Effects of Oxytocin on Aggression Intensity. Models were run separately for neutral vs non-neutral trials and for submissive vs dominant individuals. We used binomial models for presence of vocal and physical aggression (estimates reported as log odds), and Poisson models for aggression level and total aggression count data (estimates reported as odds). All models included pair # as a random effect: Aggression ~ Treatment + (1|Pair). Models used oxytocin as the Treatment reference category, and indicate the effect of oxytocin. NA values indicate model was unable to converge. Significance indicated by (✧ > 0.10; 0.05 > *; 0.001 > **).

From: Oxytocin reduces asymmetries in dominance relationships between pairs of captive female lions

Trial type

Aggression type

Dominance

Estimate [Oxytocin]

SE

p-value

Neutral

Vocal

Submissive

0.89

0.49

✧ 0.07

Dominant

−0.31

0.43

0.47

Physical

Submissive

1.03

0.70

0.14

Dominant

0.68

0.46

0.14

Levels

Submissive

NA

NA

NA

Dominant

0.17

0.15

0.26

Total

Submissive

1.03

0.70

0.14

Dominant

0.64

0.34

✧ 0.06

Non-neutral

Vocal

Submissive

−0.09

0.46

0.84

Dominant

−1.00

0.37

* 0.01

Physical

Submissive

1.11

0.47

* 0.02

Dominant

0.42

0.40

0.29

Levels

Submissive

0.36

0.14

* 0.01

Dominant

0.02

0.14

0.87

Total

Submissive

0.93

0.29

** 0.001

Dominant

0.46

0.27

✧ 0.09