Table 1 The interaction impacts of the soil application of biochar × foliar-spraying of chitosan under varying soil moisture levels on the biochemical, phytochemical, and yield characteristics of yarrow during two years of study.
Irrigation | Biochar (kg/m2 soil) | Chitosan (g/L) | Characteristics | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proline (μmol/g wet weight) | Peroxidase (μmol/mg protein/min) | Ascorbate peroxidase (μmol/mg protein/min) | Catalase (μmol/mg protein/min) | DPPH antioxidant capacity (%) | Biological yield (kg/ha) | Dry flower weight (kg/ha) | Essential oil content (% v/w) | Essential oil yield (L/ha) | |||
Irrigation (80–85% F.C.) | 0 | 0 | 14.4 k¶ | 5.45 g | 30.75 h | 5.96 h | 30.75 h | 7714.4c | 1161.6c | 0.29i | 3.52d |
2.5 | 19.08i | 5.93f. | 32.56 h | 7.31f. | 32.56 h | 8615.1b | 1259.4b | 0.31 h | 3.97c | ||
2 | 0 | 16.66j | 5.59 g | 31.19 h | 6.7 g | 31.19 h | 8899.2b | 1296.4ab | 0.32 g | 4.2b | |
2.5 | 21.45 h | 6.3e | 35.78 g | 7.61ef | 35.78 g | 9197.7a | 1323.3a | 0.33 fg | 4.39a | ||
Irrigation (60–65% F.C.) | 0 | 0 | 23.72 g | 6.32e | 38.59f. | 7.95e | 38.59f. | 5660.7 g | 805.4e | 0.34f. | 2.47 g |
2.5 | 26.5f. | 6.87d | 44.06e | 8.97d | 44.06e | 6602.7e | 921.5d | 0.35e | 3.25e | ||
2 | 0 | 25.21 fg | 6.7d | 40.26f. | 8.67d | 40.26f. | 6050.6f. | 841e | 0.35e | 2.99f. | |
2.5 | 32.8e | 7.15c | 46.75d | 9.47c | 46.75d | 7182.6d | 948.3d | 0.38d | 3.64d | ||
Irrigation (40–45% F.C.) | 0 | 0 | 37.11d | 7.45b | 53.66c | 9.81c | 53.66c | 4135.9j | 609.2 h | 0.40c | 2.46 h |
2.5 | 46.92b | 7.85a | 61.75b | 10.71b | 61.75b | 4652.9i | 677.7 g | 0.42b | 2.79 g | ||
2 | 0 | 40.28d | 7.82a | 60b | 10.65b | 60b | 4458.2ij | 648.6 g | 0.43b | 2.68 g | |
2.5 | 49.07a | 7.72a | 65.38a | 12.51a | 65.38a | 5191.6 h | 745.9f. | 0.44a | 3.29e | ||
P-value | 0.000** | 0.01* | 0.000** | 0.000** | 0.01* | 0.03* | 0.04* | 0.00** | 0.01* | ||
