Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics of middle-aged and older adults.
Variable | Normal (n = 1798) | Visual Impairment (n = 694) | Hearing Impairment (n = 2654) | Dual Sensory Impairment (n = 4634) | Overall (n = 9780) | Statistic | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age M (Q1, Q3) | 55 (49, 62) | 59 (50, 66) | 56 (50, 63) | 59 (51, 65) | 58 (50, 64) | 196.396a | < 0.001 |
Gender (%) | 27.75b | < 0.001 | |||||
Female | 821 (45.66) | 302 (43.52) | 1376 (51.85) | 2300 (49.63) | 4833 (49.42) | ||
Male | 977 (54.34) | 392 (56.48) | 1278 (48.15) | 2300 (49.63) | 4947 (50.58) | ||
Education (%) | 110.12b | < 0.001 | |||||
Illiterate | 370 (20.58) | 156 (22.48) | 556 (20.95) | 1123 (24.23) | 2205 (22.55) | ||
≤ 6 years | 604 (33.59) | 271 (39.05) | 1015 (38.24) | 1990 (42.94) | 3880 (39.67) | ||
> 6 years | 824 (45.83) | 267 (38.47) | 1083 (40.81) | 1521 (32.82) | 3695 (37.78) | ||
Marital Status (%) | 4.097b | 0.251 | |||||
Married | 1554 (86.43) | 583 (84.01) | 2305 (86.85) | 3981 (85.91) | 8423 (86.12) | ||
Unmarried/Widowed | 244 (13.57) | 111 (15.99) | 349 (13.15) | 653 (14.09) | 1357 (13.88) | ||
Residence (%) | 37.704b | < 0.001 | |||||
Rural | 1013 (56.34) | 415 (59.80) | 1514 (57.05) | 2922 (63.06) | 5864 (59.96) | ||
Urban | 785 (43.66) | 279 (40.20) | 1140 (42.95) | 1712 (36.94) | 3916 (40.04) | ||
ADL (%) | 130.792b | < 0.001 | |||||
No disability | 1710 (95.11) | 639 (92.07) | 2445 (92.13) | 4010 (86.53) | 8804 (90.02) | ||
With disability | 88 (4.89) | 55 (7.93) | 209 (7.87) | 624 (13.47) | 976 (9.98) | ||
Hospitalization (%) | 22.221b | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1663 (92.49) | 609 (87.75) | 2393 (90.17) | 4118 (88.86) | 8783 (89.81) | ||
Yes | 135 (7.51) | 85 (12.25) | 261 (9.83) | 516 (11.14) | 997 (10.19) | ||
Children in the Family (%) | 103.711b | < 0.001 | |||||
0 | 29 (1.61) | 15 (2.16) | 48 (1.81) | 87 (1.88) | 179 (1.83) | ||
1 | 421 (23.41) | 122 (17.58) | 552 (20.80) | 721 (15.56) | 1816 (18.57) | ||
2 | 703 (39.10) | 244 (35.16) | 1011 (38.09) | 1664 (35.91) | 3622 (37.03) | ||
3 | 645 (35.87) | 313 (45.10) | 1043 (39.30) | 2162 (46.66) | 4163 (42.57) | ||
Cognition M (Q1, Q3) | 16 (11, 20) | 16 (10, 19) | 16 (12, 19) | 15 (10, 18) | 15 (11, 19) | 120.831a | < 0.001 |
Sleep Duration (%) | 144.423b | < 0.001 | |||||
< 4 h | 150 (8.34) | 72 (10.37) | 251 (9.46) | 650 (14.03) | 1123 (11.48) | ||
4-6 h | 593 (32.98) | 354 (51.01) | 1007 (37.94) | 1744 (37.63) | 3698 (37.81) | ||
> 6 h | 1055 (58.68) | 268 (38.62) | 1396 (52.60) | 2240 (48.34) | 4959 (50.71) | ||
Number of Chronic Diseases (%) | 168.747b | < 0.001 | |||||
0 | 1063 (59.12) | 350 (50.43) | 1348 (50.79) | 2018 (43.55) | 4779 (48.87) | ||
1 | 417 (23.19) | 169 (24.35) | 674 (25.40) | 1175 (25.36) | 2435 (24.90) | ||
2 or more | 318 (17.69) | 175 (25.22) | 632 (23.81) | 1441 (31.10) | 2566 (26.24) | ||
Social Participation (%) | 26.737b | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 658 (36.60) | 287 (41.35) | 1001 (37.72) | 1968 (42.47) | 3914 (40.02) | ||
Yes | 1140 (63.40) | 407 (58.65) | 1653 (62.28) | 2666 (57.53) | 5866 (59.98) | ||
Pain Status (%) | 124.866b | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1483 (82.48) | 532 (76.66) | 1990 (74.98) | 3208 (69.23) | 7213 (73.75) | ||
Yes | 315 (17.52) | 162 (23.34) | 664 (25.02) | 1426 (30.77) | 2567 (26.25) | ||
Depression (%) | 170.076b | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1117 (62.12) | 396 (57.06) | 1446 (54.48) | 2100 (45.32) | 5059 (51.73) | ||
Yes | 681 (37.88) | 298 (42.94) | 1208 (45.52) | 2534 (54.68) | 4721 (48.27) |
