Fig. 4 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 4

From: Dissecting the relationship between heart failure and diabetic retinopathy severity in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: an observational cohort study

Fig. 4

Subgroup analysis of the association between severity of diabetic retinopathy and risk of acute heart failure hospitalization among DM and CKD patients without diagnosis of heart failure stratified by baseline characteristics. Results demonstrate consistent positive associations between DR severity and acute HF risk across all examined subgroups, supporting the robustness of this relationship.

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