Table 2 Association between the diagnosis of heart failure and severity of diabetic retinopathy in multivariable-adjusted ordinal regression analysis. HF was associated with approximately 2-fold higher odds of worse DR after full adjustment, highlighting the strong independent relationship between HF and DR severity.

From: Dissecting the relationship between heart failure and diabetic retinopathy severity in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease: an observational cohort study

 

Diabetic retinopathy severity

Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

P value

Model 1

2.21 (1.46–3.34)

< 0.001

Model 2

2.23 (1.45–3.39)

< 0.001

Model 3

2.09 (1.37–3.18)

< 0.001

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, smoke, body mass index.
  2. Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, smoke, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and statin medication.
  3. Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, smoke, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, statin medication, and laboratory data (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate).
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