Table 3 The EMG amplitude during the holding phase in task 1.

From: Age-related variations in trunk muscle activation and kinematics during lifting in chronic low back pain: a cross-sectional study

EMG

(MVC%)

<40

>40

no-BP

cLBP

Age

Pain

Age*Pain

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

η²

P

η²

P

η²

P

LMF

27 ± 10.07

34.26 ± 12.3

31.74 ± 14.11

30.61 ± 10.18

0.10

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.64

0.02

0.15

RMF

26.11 ± 11.04

31.68 ± 9.67

28.84 ± 11.83

29.51 ± 9.77

0.08

< 0.01

< 0.01

0.69

0.04

0.04

LESL

26.1 ± 17.6

30.75 ± 11.65

30.43 ± 18.4

27.52 ± 11.45

0.02

0.18

0.01

0.28

0.01

0.47

RESL

21.94 ± 11.45

27.71 ± 12.25

25.3 ± 13.91

25.1 ± 10.98

0.06

0.02

< 0.01

0.91

0.01

0.44

LEST

26.76 ± 16.03

33.81 ± 17.37

29.49 ± 15.83

31.57 ± 17.97

0.08

0.01

< 0.01

0.57

< 0.01

1.00

REST

27.36 ± 14.91

31.52 ± 18.72

30.59 ± 16.21

29.08 ± 17.95

0.02

0.22

< 0.01

0.78

0.02

0.15

LIO

8.46 ± 7.4

8.79 ± 11.71

7.74 ± 6.56

9.27 ± 11.83

< 0.01

0.72

0.01

0.37

0.03

0.11

RIO

7.2 ± 5.84

11.12 ± 16.49

7.41 ± 7.5

10.77 ± 15.69

0.02

0.19

0.02

0.21

< 0.01

0.73

LEO

5.33 ± 4.41

7.92 ± 7.43

5.67 ± 4.59

7.55 ± 7.32

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.16

0.01

0.43

REO

5.58 ± 3.92

8.83 ± 8.68

6.82 ± 5.12

7.8 ± 8.3

0.05

0.03

< 0.01

0.54

< 0.01

0.53

LRA

3.37 ± 3.27

4.49 ± 3.98

4.1 ± 4.57

3.93 ± 3.03

0.04

0.05

0.02

0.19

0.02

0.16

RRA

3.16 ± 2.47

4.58 ± 4.6

3.71 ± 4.63

4.13 ± 3.26

0.02

0.14

0.05

0.03

0.02

0.21

  1. EMG: electromyography, MVC: maximal voluntary contraction, L/RMF: left/right multifidus, L/RESL: left/right lumbar erector spinae, L/REST: left/right thoracic erector spinae, L/REO: left/right external oblique, L/RIO: left/right internal oblique, and L/RRA: left/right rectus abdominis. η²: Partial eta squared. Significant differences (p < 0.05) are shown in bold. Covariates were adjusted as follows: for the effect of age, pain status, sex, and BMI were controlled; for the effect of pain status, age, sex, and BMI were controlled; and for the age-pain status interaction, sex and BMI were controlled.
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