Table 2 Postoperative complications classified by Clavien–Dindo system (n = 32, 9.3%).

From: Primary closure with self-disengaging biliary stent following laparoscopic CBD exploration in normal-diameter ducts: a propensity score matching study

Clavien–Dindo classifcation13

n = 32 (%)

Complication

Management

Grade I

20

Bile leakage

Extension of abdominal drainage

Grade II

2

Bile leakage, pulmonary infection

Extension of abdominal drainage and Intravenous antibiotics

1

Bile leakage

Extension of abdominal drainage and Intravenous antibiotics

3

Pulmonary infection

Intravenous antibiotics

Grade IIIa

1

Bile leakage, biliary stricture

Ultrasound-guided drainage and PTCD

1

Bile leakage, pulmonary infection

Ultrasound-guided drainage and Intravenous antibiotics

1

Pulmonary infection results in ARDS

NIPPV and Intravenous antibiotics

2

Recurrent stones

ERCP

Grade IIIb

0

–

 

Grade IV

0

–

 

Grade V

1

Sepsis

The patient discontinued treatment (dead)

  1. Only major complications relevant to the study objectives are listed; minor complications (e.g., wound infection, fever) were excluded from analysis. According to the Clavien-Dindo classification, 20 cases of bile leakage were classified as Grade I, as they required only an extension of abdominal drainage without additional intervention.
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