Fig. 1

Finite element mesh generation. The mesh generation was performed on the geometric model in ABAQUS software. The mesh size for soft tissues is four times smaller than that for bones, with additional refinement applied in areas of contact. Based on a mesh convergence study, the final number of mesh elements was determined as follows: 23,840 elements for bone, 16,135 elements for ligaments, 112,027 elements for cartilage, and 105,723 elements for the menisci, totaling 257,725 elements.