Table 3 Generalized estimating equation model for the effect of intervention and oral hypofunction on the indexes of oral hypofunction and its associated complications.

Dependent variables	Independent variables	Estimate (β)( 95% CI)	SE	Wald χ²(P)
Swallowing dysfunction	Visit(3 vs. 1)	-1.14(-1.79 ~ -0.50)	0.33	12.22*
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	-0.150(-0.90 ~ 0.60)	-0.15	0.15
	OH	3.72(3.01 ~ 4.43)	0.36	104.96*
	Age	0.04(0.005 ~ 0.08)	0.02	4.82*
	Gender	0.78(0.03 ~ 1.54)	0.39	4.10*
Poor oral hygiene	Visit(3 vs. 1)	-0.76(-1.35 ~ -0.17)	0.30	6.31*
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	-0.69(-1.31 ~ -0.07)	0.32	4.79*
	OH	4.28(3.73 ~ 4.83)	0.28	232.42*
	Age	-0.04(-0.07 ~ -0.003)	0.02	4.61*
	Gender	0.74(0.06 ~ 1.43)	0.35	4.51*
Tongue Pressure	Visit(3 vs. 1)	-2.52(-4.34 ~ -0.70)	0.933	7.36*
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	-1.47(-3.26 ~ -6.41)	0.91	2.60
	OH	-8.34(-10.28 ~ -6.41)	0.99	71.51*
	Age	-0.28( -0.41 ~ -0.14)	0.07	16.42*
	Gender	1.29(-1.61 ~ 4.18)	1.488	0.766
Tongue lip function	Visit(3 vs. 1)	-0.11(-0.55 ~ 0.34)	0.23	0.23
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	0.34(-0.12 ~ 0.80)	0.23	2.12
	OH	-1.04(-1.55 ~ -0.52)	0.26	15.61*
	Age	-0.06(-0.09 ~ -0.03)	0.02	14.37*
	Gender	-0.41(-1.14 ~ 0.32)	0.37	1.22
Nutrition status	Visit(3 vs. 1)	1.34(0.81 ~ 1.87)	0.27	24.31*
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	1.24(0.71 ~ 1.77)	0.27	21.07*
	OH	-0.33(-0.76 ~ 0.09)	0.22	2.36
	Age	-0.01(-0.03 ~ 0.01)	0.01	0.36
	Gender	-0.11(-0.62 ~ 0.39)	0.26	0.19
Grip Strength	Visit(3 vs. 1)	0.09(-0.85 ~ 1.03)	0.48	0.0.3
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	0.30(-0.66 ~ 1.26)	0.49	0.38
	OH	-3.05(-4.26 ~ -1.83)	0.62	24.14*
	Age	-0.18(-0.26 ~ -0.09)	0.04	16.26*
	Gender	6.33(4.66 ~ 8.01)	0.85	55.12*
Cheek bulging	Visit(3 vs. 1)	0.15(0.05 ~ 0.25)	0.05	8.56*
	Visit(2 vs. 1)	0.05(-0.04 ~ 0.15)	0.05	1.15
	OH	-0.17(-0.27 ~ -0.08)	0.05	12.36*
	Age	-0.01(-0.02 ~ -0.003)	0.003	8.83*
	Gender	-0.10(-0.21 ~ 0.01)	0.06	3.29

*:p < 0.05.
OH: Oral hypofunction.
Nutritional status: the score of Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form.
Swallowing Dysfunction: The score of Eating Assessment Tool-10.
Poor oral hygiene: The score of Tongue Coating Index.
Tongue lip function: Number of pronunciations of PA/TA/KA within five seconds.

Search