Fig. 3

WL UPDs time series plot on DOY 001–010 in 2022 for G, E, C, LEO satellites. WL: wide-lane; UPD: uncalibrated phase delay; GPS: global positioning system; Galileo: Galileo satellite navigation system; BDS-3: BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system; LEO: low-Earth orbit satellites; DOY: day of year. (In each subplot, lines and symbols in distinct colors denote different satellites within each respective system.).