Table 4 Antineoplastic drugs significantly associated with vitiligo and their drug categories.

L01A—ALKYLATING AGENTS

L01AB—Alkyl sulfonates

L01AB01—Busulfan

Forms DNA cross-links by alkylation, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis of rapidly dividing cells

L01AX—Other alkylating agents

L01AX03—Temozolomide

Methylates DNA at the O6 and N7 positions of guanine, causing DNA strand breaks and tumor cell death

L01B—ANTIMETABOLITES

L01BA—Folic acid analogues

L01BA04—Pemetrexed

Inhibits folate-dependent enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis, blocking DNA and RNA synthesis and leading to cell death

L01E—PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS

L01EC—B-Raf serine-threonine kinase (BRAF) inhibitors

L01EC02—Dabrafenib

Selectively inhibits mutant BRAF V600 kinases, blocking the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and reducing tumor cell proliferation

L01EC03—Encorafenib

Inhibits BRAF V600 mutant kinases, suppressing MAPK pathway signaling and inhibiting tumor cell growth

L01EE—Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors

L01EE01—Trametinib

Inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 activation and kinase activity, disrupting the MAPK/ERK pathway and decreasing tumor cell proliferation

L01EF—Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors

L01EF02—Ribociclib

Selectively inhibits CDK4 and CDK6, preventing phosphorylation of Rb protein and causing cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase

L01EF03—Abemaciclib

Inhibits CDK4 and CDK6, leading to decreased Rb phosphorylation and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase

L01F—MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND ANTIBODY DRUG CONJUGATES

L01FF—PD-1/PD-L1 (Programmed cell death protein 1/death ligand 1) inhibitors

L01FF01—Nivolumab

Blocks PD-1 receptors on T cells, enhancing immune responses against tumors by preventing PD-1/PD-L1 interaction

L01FF02—Pembrolizumab

Inhibits PD-1 on T cells, blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and enhancing anti-tumor immune responses

L01FF05—Atezolizumab

Targets PD-L1, blocking its interaction with PD-1 and B7.1, thereby enhancing T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells

L01FX—Other monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates

L01FX04—Ipilimumab

Blocks CTLA-4 on T cells, enhancing T-cell activation and proliferation by preventing inhibitory signaling

L01FX09—Mogamulizumab

Targets CCR4 on malignant T cells, inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and depleting CCR4-positive cells

L01X—OTHER ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS

L01XL—Antineoplastic cell and gene therapy

L01XL02—Talimogene laherparepvec

An oncolytic virus that selectively replicates in tumor cells and expresses GM-CSF, leading to tumor cell lysis and enhanced anti-tumor immunity