Fig. 1
Comparison of overall VFQ scores and classification between control and DM groups. (A) Comparison of overall VFQ scores between the control and DM groups shows a significant difference, with lower scores in the DM group, indicating impaired visual function. (B) In male participants, overall VFQ scores are significantly lower in the DM group compared to the control group, suggesting a negative impact of DM on visual function in men. (C) In female participants, overall VFQ scores are significantly lower in the DM group, indicating that DM negatively affects visual function in women. (D) In younger participants (< 45 years), overall VFQ scores significantly decline in the DM group compared to the control group, suggesting the possibility of early visual impairment in this age group. (E) In middle-aged participants (45–60 years), overall VFQ scores remain significantly lower in the DM group, indicating the persistent negative impact of DM on vision. (F) In older participants (> 60 years), the DM group continues to show significantly lower overall VFQ scores, emphasizing the exacerbated impact of DM on visual health in the elderly. (G) Distribution of participants with good and poor visual function in the control and DM groups, showing that the proportion of participants with poor visual function is higher in the DM group across all age and gender subgroups. VFQ: visual function questionnaire; DM: diabetes mellitus; Con: control; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
