Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics among participants in different geographic regions.

From: Association between wet-bulb globe temperature with gastroesophageal reflux disease in different geographic regions in a large Taiwanese population study

Characteristics

Northern Taiwan

(n = 40,170)

Central Taiwan

(n = 23,124)

Southern Taiwan

(n = 45,643)

Eastern Taiwan

(n = 11,487)

ANOVA p

GERD (%)

14.8

14.2

11.9*†

15.6†#

< 0.001

Age (year)

50.8 ± 11.0

49.1 ± 11.0*

49.5 ± 10.8*†

50.2 ± 10.9*†#

< 0.001

Male sex (%)

36.2

37.0

34.9*†

36.6#

< 0.001

DM (%)

9.4

9.2

9.6

10.1

0.021

Hypertension (%)

24.2

24.9

24.1

26.3*†#

< 0.001

Smoking history (%)

29.2

28.7

24.7*†

27.5*#

< 0.001

Alcohol history (%)

8.3

9.1*

8.1

9.2*#

< 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

120.4 ± 18.6

121.3 ± 19.0*

119.9 ± 18.6*†

120.5 ± 18.1*†#

< 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

73.3 ± 11.3

74.1 ± 11.5*

73.8 ± 11.5*†

75.1 ± 10.9*†#

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.1 ± 3.8

24.3 ± 3.8*

24.2 ± 3.8

24.5 ± 3.9*†#

< 0.001

Laboratory parameters

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

96.0 ± 20.6

95.5 ± 20.4

96.0 ± 20.9

96.0 ± 20.7

0.029

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.7 ± 1.6

13.8 ± 1.6*

13.7 ± 1.6

13.7 ± 1.6

< 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

113.5 ± 91.2

114.8 ± 92.9

117.3 ± 96.2*†

117.7 ± 96.9*†

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

196.3 ± 35.8

193.4 ± 35.4*

196.2 ± 36.0

195.3 ± 35.9*†

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

105.0 ± 13.6

105.9 ± 14.1*

105.2 ± 13.9

105.1 ± 14.2

< 0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.36 ± 1.40

5.47 ± 1.45*

5.44 ± 1.43*†

5.51 ± 1.46*†#

< 0.001

WBGT during noon period*

1-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

26.38 ± 0.77

27.40 ± 0.82*

28.10 ± 0.69*†

26.68 ± 1.02*†#

< 0.001

3-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

26.23 ± 0.81

27.23 ± 0.79*

27.98 ± 0.63*†

26.44 ± 1.15*†#

< 0.001

5-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

26.08 ± 0.80

27.10 ± 0.78*

27.86 ± 0.60*†

26.23 ± 1.14*†#

< 0.001

WBGT during work period*

1-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

24.83 ± 1.06

23.83 ± 0.74*

25.82 ± 0.78*†

24.87 ± 1.14*†#

< 0.001

3-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

24.76 ± 1.09

23.75 ± 0.74*

25.73 ± 0.72*†

24.69 ± 1.11*†#

< 0.001

5-year average of WBGT (per 1 ℃)

24.63 ± 1.10

23.63 ± 0.76*

25.61 ± 0.68*†

24.51 ± 1.10*†#

< 0.001

  1. *Noon period is defined as 11 am to 2 pm, and work period is defined as 8 am to 5 pm.
  2. Abbreviations. GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; WBGT, wet-bulb globe temperature.
  3. *p < 0.05 compared with northern Taiwan; p < 0.05 compared with central Taiwan; #p < 0.05 compared with southern Taiwan.