Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study population.

From: Development and validation of a transformer model-based early warning score for real-time prediction of adverse outcomes in the emergency department

Variables

At least one AE

(n = 15,486)

Without AE

(n = 399,262)

P-value

Age, mean ± SD

65.0 ± 14.7

55.3 ± 17.7

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

< 0.001

Male

5,944 (38.4%)

206,506 (51.7%)

 

Female

9,542 (61.6%)

192,756 (47.3%)

 

Vital signs (the first measurement)

SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

122.0 ± 34.8

132.4 ± 24.6

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

71.6 ± 21.3

79.8 ± 15.3

< 0.001

HR (beats/min), mean ± SD

101.3 ± 28.2

88.9 ± 19.3

< 0.001

RR (breaths/min), mean ± SD

21.3 ± 6.0

18.5 ± 3.2

< 0.001

Body Temperature (°C), mean ± SD

37.1 ± 1.2

36.9 ± 0.8

< 0.001

SpO2 (%), mean ± SD

93.9 ± 9.1

97.6 ± 4.3

< 0.001

Laboratory tests (the first measurement)

Hb (g/dl), mean ± SD

11.4 ± 2.8

12.5 ± 2.4

< 0.001

BUN (mg/dl), mean ± SD

29.4 ± 23.9

18.0 ± 16.3

< 0.001

Sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD

134.6 ± 6.9

137.7 ± 4.7

< 0.001

Potassium (mmol/L), mean ± SD

4.4 ± 1.2

4.2 ± 0.6

< 0.001

Lactate (mmol/L), mean ± SD

3.6 ± 3.8

1.7 ± 1.2

< 0.001

Arterial pH, mean ± SD

7.4 ± 0.2

7.4 ± 0.1

< 0.001

Arterial HCO3 (mmol/L), mean ± SD

20.9 ± 6.7

23.2 ± 4.5

< 0.001

MEWS (the first measurement), mean ± SD

3.2 ± 1.9

1.7 ± 1.1

< 0.001

KTAS, n (%)

< 0.001

1

1,543 (10.0%)

876 (0.2%)

 

2

4,954 (32.0%)

20,585 (5.2%)

 

3

7,252 (46.8%)

163,401 (40.9%)

 

4

1,129 (7.3%)

152,011 (38.1%)

 

5

66 (0.4%)

20,304 (5.1%)

 

Not available

542 (3.5%)

42,085 (10.5%)

 

Mode of arrival, n (%)

< 0.001

Ambulance

8,398 (54.2%)

70,517 (17.7%)

 

Other

7,088 (45.8%)

328,745 (82.3%)

 

ED disposition, n (%)

< 0.001

Discharge

379 (2.4%)

286,211 (71.7%)

 

ED death

1,085 (7.0%)

432 (0.1%)

 

Transfer

704 (4.5%)

12,286 (3.1%)

 

Admission

13,318 (86.0%)

100,333 (25.1%)

 

Adverse events, n (%)

< 0.001

Vasopressor use

6,304 (40.7%)

-

 

Respiratory support

5,017 (32.4%)

-

 

ICU admission

8,492 (54.9%)

-

 

Septic shock

4,124 (26.6%)

-

 

Cardiac arrest

548 (3.5%)

-

 
  1. AE adverse event, SD standard deviation, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, RR respiratory rate, SpO2 peripheral oxygen saturation, Hb hemoglobin, BUN blood urea nitrogen, MEWS modified early warning score, KTAS Korean Triage and Acuity Scale, ED emergency department, ICU intensive care unit.
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