Table 1 Risk factors for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections.
Variables | MDR (%)§ | non-MDR (%)§ | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 75) | (N = 210) | OR (95%CI) | P | aOR (95%CI) | P | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Age, years, median (IQR, range) | 52.00 (39.50–61.00, 1.00–97.00) | 57.00 (35.25–67.00, 0.00–95.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.232 | ||
Gender, male | 56 (74.67) | 134 (63.81) | 1.60 (0.88–2.91) | 0.125 | ||
Lifestyle habits | ||||||
Smoking | 8 (10.67) | 37 (17.62) | 0.62 (0.27–1.41) | 0.254 | ||
Alcohol drinking | 10 (13.33) | 42 (20.00) | 0.54 (0.25–1.15) | 0.109 | ||
History of healthcare exposure | ||||||
Time at risk, days, median (IQR, range) | 14.00 (5.50–28.00, 1.00–334.00) | 13.00 (5.00–20.75, 1.00–143.00) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.178 | ||
Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR, range) | 17.00 (8.50–32.00, 1.00–90.00) | 18.00 (9.00–36.00, 1.00–90.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.628 | ||
ICU stay | 23 (30.67) | 64 (30.48) | 1.12 (0.62–2.02) | 0.701 | ||
Length of ICU stay, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–2.50, 0.00–81.00) | 0.00 (0.00–1.00, 0.00–79.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.339 | ||
Underlying diseases | ||||||
Disease of the circulatory system | 29 (38.67) | 96 (45.71) | 0.75 (0.44–1.30) | 0.308 | ||
Hypertension | 19 (25.33) | 62 (29.52) | 0.73 (0.40–1.35) | 0.315 | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (9.33) | 24 (11.43) | 0.88 (0.36–2.17) | 0.785 | ||
Heart failure | 7 (9.33) | 20 (9.52) | 0.79 (0.31–2.00) | 0.619 | ||
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | 20 (26.67) | 69 (32.86) | 0.88 (0.47–1.62) | 0.672 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 9 (12.00) | 27 (12.86) | 1.00 (0.44–2.26) | 0.995 | ||
Electrolyte disturbance | 8 (10.67) | 22 (10.48) | 1.31 (0.54–3.20) | 0.553 | ||
Disease of the respiratory system | 31 (41.33) | 77 (36.67) | 2.00 (1.04–3.83) | 0.037 | ||
Respiratory infection | 30 (40.00) | 68 (32.38) | 2.60 (1.30–5.20) | 0.007 | 2.10 (1.00–4.42) | 0.049 |
Respiratory failure | 7 (9.33) | 17 (8.10) | 1.34 (0.52–3.44) | 0.541 | ||
Chronic renal disease | 7 (9.33) | 12 (5.71) | 1.78 (0.66–4.78) | 0.254 | ||
Biliary tract and pancreas diseases | 11 (14.67) | 33 (15.71) | 0.94 (0.44–1.99) | 0.873 | ||
Trauma | 6 (8.00) | 11 (5.24) | 2.15 (0.73–6.30) | 0.165 | ||
History of invasive procedures | ||||||
Surgery | 40 (53.33) | 92 (43.81) | 1.23 (0.70–2.17) | 0.470 | ||
Puncture | 33 (44.00) | 104 (49.52) | 0.67 (0.38–1.17) | 0.161 | ||
Arterial catheterization | 31 (41.33) | 84 (40.00) | 0.89 (0.51–1.57) | 0.699 | ||
Arterial catheterization, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–9.50, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–6.00, 0.00–90.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.890 | ||
CVC | 53 (70.67) | 117 (55.71) | 2.22 (1.23–4.00) | 0.008 | 1.46 (0.75–2.84) | 0.269 |
CVC, days, median (IQR, range) | 9.00 (0.00–19.00, 0.00–90.00) | 2.00 (0.00–13.75, 0.00–90.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.300 | ||
Invasive ventilation | 28 (37.33) | 38 (18.10) | 2.72 (1.50–4.93) | 0.001 | 1.88 (0.97–3.63) | 0.062 |
Invasive ventilation, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–6.00, 0.00–51.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–61.00) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.007 | ||
Urinary catheterization | 51 (68.00) | 106 (50.48) | 1.84 (1.03–3.30) | 0.040 | ||
Urinary catheterization, days, median (IQR, range) | 7.00 (0.00–23.00, 0.00–90.00) | 1.00 (0.00–7.75, 0.00–90.00) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.010 | ||
Gastric tube insertion | 35 (46.67) | 61 (29.05) | 2.04 (1.18–3.53) | 0.011 | ||
Gastric tube insertion, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–17.00, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00, 0.00–79.00) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.008 | ||
Drainage tube insertion | 31 (41.33) | 84 (40.00) | 0.84 (0.47–1.50) | 0.558 | ||
Drainage tube insertion, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–7.00, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–5.00, 0.00–78.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.331 | ||
History of drug usage | ||||||
Corticosteroids | 46 (61.33) | 118 (56.19) | 1.36 (0.78–2.36) | 0.276 | ||
Antibiotics | 65 (86.67) | 175 (83.33) | 1.12 (0.51–2.43) | 0.779 | ||
Glycopeptides | ||||||
Vancomycin | 29 (38.67) | 35 (16.67) | 2.92 (1.60–5.33) | 0.000 | 1.32 (0.62–2.82) | 0.472 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–2.13, 0.00–24.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–40.00) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.008 | ||
Oxazolidinones | ||||||
Linezolid | 13 (17.33) | 25 (11.90) | 1.70 (0.81–3.59) | 0.163 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–29.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–25.00) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.187 | ||
Aminoglycosides | 8 (10.67) | 7 (3.33) | 3.01 (1.03–8.78) | 0.044 | 1.62 (0.47–5.61) | 0.444 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–24.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–14.40) | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 0.076 | ||
Carbapenems | ||||||
Imipenem | 29 (38.67) | 42 (20.00) | 2.43 (1.35–4.34) | 0.003 | 1.26 (0.34–2.18) | 0.755 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–4.75, 0.00–76.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–25.00) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) | 0.004 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.112 |
Meropenem | 24 (32.00) | 43 (20.48) | 1.70 (0.93–3.10) | 0.083 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–3.33, 0.00–60.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–30.00) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.048 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.294 |
Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins | 18 (24.00) | 48 (22.86) | 0.91 (0.48–1.73) | 0.775 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–24.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–41.25) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.745 | ||
β-lactam/β-lactamase Inhibitors | ||||||
Piperacillin-Tazobactam | 11 (14.67) | 39 (18.57) | 1.17 (0.50–2.74) | 0.717 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–28.92) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–26.03) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.597 | ||
Cefoperazone-Sulbactam | 17 (22.67) | 30 (14.29) | 2.01 (1.01–3.99) | 0.047 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–47.25) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–38.00) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.005 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.183 |
Fluoroquinolones | 18 (24.00) | 38 (18.10) | 1.54 (0.80–2.94) | 0.195 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–20.80) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–31.00) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.730 | ||
Tetracyclines | ||||||
Tigecycline | 15 (20.00) | 14 (6.67) | 3.49 (1.57–7.74) | 0.002 | 1.76 (0.70–4.43) | 0.228 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–25.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–35.00) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 0.018 | ||
