Table 2 Risk Factors for carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections.
Variables | CR (%)§ | non-CR (%)§ | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 97) | (N = 188) | OR (95%CI) | P | aOR (95%CI) | P | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Age (years), median (IQR, range) | 55.00 (42.00–63.00, 0.00–97.00) | 56.00 (35.00–67.00, 0.00–95.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.115 | ||
Gender, male | 69 (71.13) | 121 (64.36) | 1.26 (0.72–2.18) | 0.418 | ||
Lifestyle habits | ||||||
Smoking | 11 (11.34) | 34 (18.09) | 0.69 (0.32–1.47) | 0.333 | ||
Alcohol drinking | 14 (14.43) | 38 (20.21) | 0.52 (0.26–1.05) | 0.069 | ||
Medical exposure history | ||||||
Time at risk, days, median (IQR, range) | 14.00 (6.00–23.00, 1.00–334.00) | 13.00 (5.00–21.00, 1.00–143.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.986 | ||
Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR, range) | 16.00 (8.00–28.00, 0.00–9.00) | 18.50 (9.00–39.00, 0.00–9.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.084 | ||
ICU stay | 30 (30.93) | 57 (30.32) | 1.25 (0.71–2.18) | 0.444 | ||
Length of ICU stay, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00, 0.00–75.00) | 0.00 (0.00–1.25, 0.00–81.00) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.633 | ||
Underlying diseases | ||||||
Disease of the circulatory system | 34 (35.05) | 91 (48.40) | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.033 | 0.41 (0.22–0.77) | 0.006 |
Hypertension | 26 (26.80) | 55 (29.26) | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) | 0.311 | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (7.22) | 24 (12.77) | 0.61 (0.25–1.52) | 0.289 | ||
Heart failure | 10 (10.31) | 17 (9.04) | 0.81 (0.34–1.92) | 0.634 | ||
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic Diseases | 22 (22.68) | 67 (35.64) | 0.68 (0.38–1.23) | 0.206 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | 10 (10.31) | 26 (13.83) | 0.80 (0.36–1.79) | 0.588 | ||
Electrolyte disturbance | 8 (8.25) | 22 (11.70) | 1.00 (0.41–2.44) | 0.999 | ||
Disease of the respiratory system | 29 (29.90) | 79 (42.02) | 0.97 (0.53–1.78) | 0.928 | ||
Respiratory infection | 27 (27.84) | 71 (37.77) | 1.13 (0.60–2.13) | 0.696 | ||
Respiratory failure | 6 (6.19) | 18 (9.57) | 0.75 (0.28–2.03) | 0.577 | ||
Chronic renal disease | 10 (10.31) | 9 (4.79) | 2.60 (0.97–6.94) | 0.057 | ||
Biliary tract and pancreas diseases | 14 (14.43) | 30 (15.96) | 0.92 (0.45–1.87) | 0.809 | ||
Trauma | 7 (7.22) | 10 (5.32) | 2.32 (0.81–6.67) | 0.118 | ||
History of invasive procedures | ||||||
Surgery | 53 (54.64) | 79 (42.02) | 1.22 (0.72–2.08) | 0.459 | ||
Puncture | 48 (49.48) | 89 (47.34) | 0.84 (0.50–1.42) | 0.520 | ||
Arterial catheterization | 45 (46.39) | 70 (37.23) | 1.14 (0.67–1.93) | 0.626 | ||
Arterial catheterization, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–8.00, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–6.25, 0.00–90.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.456 | ||
CVC | 68 (70.10) | 102 (54.26) | 2.62 (1.49–4.62) | 0.001 | 1.62 (0.85–3.06) | 0.141 |
CVC, days, median (IQR, range) | 7.00 (0.00–17.00, 0.00–90.00) | 2.00 (0.00–13.50, 0.00–90.00) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.202 | ||
Invasive ventilation | 33 (34.02) | 33 (17.55) | 2.52 (1.39–4.54) | 0.002 | 2.82 (1.36–5.84) | 0.005 |
Invasive ventilation, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–6.00, 0.00–51.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–61.00) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.021 | ||
Urinary catheterization | 67 (69.07) | 90 (47.87) | 1.92 (1.11–3.31) | 0.019 | ||
Urinary catheterization, days, median (IQR, range) | 5.00 (0.00–17.00, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–7.25, 0.00–90.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.596 | ||
Gastric tube insertion | 43 (44.33) | 53 (28.19) | 1.89 (1.11–3.21) | 0.019 | ||
Gastric tube insertion, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–9.00, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00, 0.00–79.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.229 | ||
Drainage tube insertion | 43 (44.33) | 72 (38.3) | 0.89 (0.52–1.54) | 0.685 | ||
Drainage tube insertion, days, median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–6.00, 0.00–90.00) | 0.00 (0.00–5.00, 0.00–78.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.829 | ||
History of drug usage | ||||||
Corticosteroids | 59 (60.82) | 105 (55.85) | 1.46 (0.86–2.47) | 0.162 | ||
Antibiotics | 85 (87.63) | 155 (82.45) | 1.17 (0.56–2.47) | 0.673 | ||
Glycopeptides | ||||||
Vancomycin | 33 (34.02) | 31 (16.49) | 2.26 (1.25–4.09) | 0.007 | 1.30 (0.61–2.77) | 0.499 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00, 0.00–24.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–40.00) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.046 | ||
Oxazolidinones | ||||||
Linezolid | 20 (20.62) | 18 (9.57) | 3.10 (1.48–6.49) | 0.003 | 1.92 (0.77–4.78) | 0.160 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–29.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–21.00) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.022 | ||
Aminoglycosides | 8 (8.25) | 7 (3.72) | 1.78 (0.60–5.27) | 0.300 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–24.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–4.80) | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 0.089 | ||
Carbapenems | ||||||
Imipenem | 37 (38.14) | 34 (18.09) | 2.70 (1.52–4.80) | 0.001 | 1.26 (0.34–2.18) | 0.752 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–4.50, 0.00–76.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–25.00) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.002 | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.350 |
Meropenem | 35 (36.08) | 32 (17.02) | 2.54 (1.41–4.55) | 0.002 | 1.97 (0.97–4.01) | 0.060 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–4.50, 0.00–60.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–45.00) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.171 | ||
Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins | 24 (24.74) | 42 (22.34) | 0.87 (0.48–1.61) | 0.666 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–30.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–41.25) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.962 | ||
β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors | ||||||
Piperacillin-Tazobactam | 8 (8.25) | 42 (22.34) | 0.55 (0.23–1.32) | 0.179 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–8.67) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–28.92) | 0.86 (0.75–0.99) | 0.034 | 0.83 (0.72–0.96) | 0.013 |
Cefoperazone-Sulbactam | 19 (19.59) | 28 (14.89) | 1.73 (0.88–3.42) | 0.115 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–36.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–47.25) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.322 | ||
Fluoroquinolones | 22 (22.68) | 34 (18.09) | 1.51 (0.80–2.85) | 0.200 | ||
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–23.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–31.00) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.915 | ||
Tetracyclines | ||||||
Tigecycline | 20 (20.62) | 9 (4.79) | 5.55 (2.33–13.25) | 0.000 | 3.34 (1.16–9.58) | 0.025 |
Quantity (DDD), median (IQR, range) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–25.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00, 0.00–35.00) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 0.038 | ||
