Figure 10

(A) The TR occurrence in a 3 × 3 LIB under a 1 mm gap between cells, (B) the TR initiation in a pack consisting of a 3 × 3 arrangement of cells, (C) the TR occurrence in a LIB pack consisting of 9 cells connected in parallel, and (D) the performance of a series arrangement of 9 cells when subjected to a heat flux of 6 kW/m².