Figure 14
Heat generation curve of the LIB cell during thermal runaway. The primary peak (~ 6.3 min) corresponds to the initial exothermic reactions including SEI-layer breakdown and separator melting. A smaller secondary rise (~ 6.5 to 6.6 min) is observed due to delayed reactions involving oxygen ingress, leading to intensified anode-oxygen and solvent-based reactions. This two-stage heat release reflects the cascading nature of TR and aligns with the sequence of decomposition events.
