Figure 9
(A) The sequential TR pattern observed in a 3 × 3 battery pack with a 1 mm gap and a power of 6 kW/m2, (B) the TR process of multiple cells in a 3 × 3 LIB pack, with three various row cells spaced 3 mm apart and subjected to 6 kW/m2, (C) the temperature distribution of various cells in relation to varied rows during their experience of TR, and (D) the thermal abuse scenario at different locations within a pack subjected to a heat flux of 6 kW/m2 with a cell separation of 7 mm.
