Fig. 5

a-d. Based on RT-qPCR analysis using four distinct primer sets targeting the TSC1 gene, the results reveal that patient expression levels are variably reduced compared with those of normal family members. e. T The figure illustrates the positions of the primers used in the RT qPCR experiments. f. After amplification with TSC1 PCR F/R primer in the family, the PCR amplification result is shown in the figure. g. The agarose gel electrophoresis results confirming the family minigene are presented.