Table 1 Clinical, laboratory and demographic data of SLE patients according to renal involvement.

From: Podocyte extracellular vesicles and immune mediators as urinary biomarkers in active lupus nephritis

Parameters

SLE no renal involvement

LN

P-value

Inactive

(n = 9)

Active

(n = 27)

Inactive

(n = 27)

Active

(n = 19)

Age (years)

46.5 (29.5–56.5)

45.0 (25.7–56.2)

43.0 (37.0–62.0)

40.0 (32.0–46.0)

0.92

Female, n (%)

8 (100)

21 (90.6)

17 (89.5)

18 (94.7)

0.66

Non-white, n (%)

7 (87.5)

16 (71.9)

15 (78.9)

15 (78.9)

0.59

Disease duration, years

7.0 (3.5–8.7)

13.0 (4.0–17.0)

7.5 (4.7–14.5)

9.0 (6.0–14.0)

0.47

SLEDAI-2K

0 (0–0)

3.5 (2.0–4.7)

2 (2.0–4.0)

8.0 (4.0–12.0)

< 0.0001 a, c,e, f

R-SLEDAI-2K ≥ 4

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

19 (100)

< 0.0001

Comorbidities, n (%)

  Hypertension

3 (37.5)

11 (45.8)

9 (47.4)

12 (63.1)

0.56

  Diabetes

0 (0)

1 (4.2)

1 (5.2)

2 (10.5)

0.70

  Dyslipidemia

1 (12.5)

1 (4.2)

3 (15.8)

5 (26.1)

0.23

  Hypothyroidism

0 (0)

1 (4.2)

2 (10.5)

4 (21.0)

0.22

SLE treatment, n (%)

  Hydroxychloroquine

7 (87.5)

20 (83.3)

19 (100)

16 (84.2)

0.32

  Prednisone ≥ 15 mg/day

0 (0)

3 (12.5)

2 (10.5)

6 (31.6)

< 0.0001

  Azathioprine

2 (25.0)

10 (41.7)

8 (42.1)

5 (26.3)

0.66

  Mycophenolate mofetil ≥ 1 g/day

1 (12.5)

4 (16.7)

5 (26.3)

8 (42.1)

0.21

  Methotrexate

1 (12.5)

3 (12.5)

1 (5.3)

2 (10.5)

0.87

Immunosuppressed status, n (%)

1 (12.5)

15 (62.5)

10 (52.6)

14 (73.7)

0.02

Laboratory data (median, IQR)

  sCr (mg/dL)

0.68 (0.64–0.94)

0.71 (0.62–0.79)

0.78 (0.63–0.78)

0.71 (0.67–0.94)

0.59

  eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)

100.4 (69.7–120.9)

103.5 (93–122.4)

94.1 (60.7–115)

107.5 (78.6–112.6)

0.53

  Anti-dsDNA (UI/mL)

4.7 (2.2–13.1)

36.2 (15.5–155.2)

20.3 (8.4–192)

12.0 (6.2–157.2)

0.01 a, b,c

  C3 (mg/dL)

137.5 (115.5–148.5)

96.0 (64–112)

110.0 (82–137)

95.0 (70–143)

0.04 a

  C4 (mg/dL)

24.8 (15.9–36.8)

15.0 (10–21.2)

19.8 (8.8–26.1)

16.6 (9.1–25.6)

0.15

  Proteinuria (g/day)

0.10 (0.02–0.17)

0.10 (0.10–0.17)

0.10 (0.1–0.2)

0.65 (0.1–2.7)

< 0.0003 c, e

  ACR (mg/g)

11.7(6.4–21.3)

12.9 (5.5–20.7)

19.5 (7.6–69.4)

433.7 (48.3–1876)

< 0.0001 c, e,f

  1. Data is presented as n (%) or median (IQR) P-values were were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05 (in bold). a-Inactive SLE vs. Active SLE no renal; b-Inactive SLE vs. Inactive LN; c-Inactive SLE vs. Active LN; d-Active SLE no renal vs. Inactive LN; e-Active SLE no renal vs. Active LN; f-Inactive LN vs. Active LN. SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, R-SLEDAI-2K: Renal Domain of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, C3: complement 3, C4: complement 4, Anti-dsDNA: double-stranded anti-dsDNA, sCr: serum creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR: albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
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