Fig. 1

Cost-effectiveness model: (A) Decision tree model (B) Markov model. CVD cardiovascular disease, DC decompensated cirrhosis, FLI fatty liver index, FN false negative, FP false positive, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, HSI hepatic steatosis index, ILI intensive lifestyle intervention, MASLD metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, TE transient elastography, TN true negative, TP true positive.