Table 1 Age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of bladder cancer across China and different SDI regions in 1990 and 2021, along with the corresponding AAPC.

Global

Both

6.90 (6.46, 7.23)

6.35 (5.80, 6.85)

− 0.27

(− 0.32,

− 0.22)

33.41 (31.49, 34.81)

34.91 (32.54, 37.19)

0.15 (0.084, 0.21)

3.51 (3.23, 3.70)

2.68 (2.42, 2.93)

− 0.84

(− 0.91,

− 0.77)

71.05 (64.72, 75.17)

51.58 (47.56, 56.42)

− 1.02

(− 1.09,

− 0.96)

Male

11.89 (10.92, 12.57)

10.92 (10.04, 11.91)

− 0.27

(− 0.33,

− 0.22)

56 (52.14, 58.76)

58.87 (54.71, 63.37)

0.16 (0.098, 0.23)

6.10 (5.48, 6.53)

4.67 (4.22, 5.16)

− 0.85

(− 0.94,

− 0.77)

119.24 (104.92, 128.18)

86.31 (78.87, 95.94)

− 1.05

(− 1.13,

− 0.97)

Female

3.11 (2.86, 3.28)

2.64 (2.34, 2.89)

− 0.50

(− 0.61,

− 0.39)

14.77 (13.81, 15.44)

14.28 (13.02, 15.4)

− 0.095

(− 0.17,

− 0.024)

1.71 (1.55, 1.82)

1.22 (1.06, 1.34)

− 1.05

(− 1.13,

− 0.96)

33.58 (30.78, 36.07)

23.29 (20.99, 25.45)

− 1.16

(− 1.25,

− 1.07)

China

Both

4.69 (3.43, 5.46)

5.14 (4.08, 6.62)

0.27 (0.02, 0.52)

16.09 (11.64, 18.88)

26.61 (21.12, 34.18)

1.66 (1.50, 1.83)

3.44 (2.58, 3.94)

2.34 (1.89, 2.94)

− 1.30

(− 1.63,

− 0.97)

69.95 (50.99, 81.44)

45.31 (36.06, 57.41)

− 1.44

(− 1.69,

− 1.19)

Male

7.69 (4.91, 9.44)

9.05 (6.89, 11.95)

0.43 (0.18, 0.69)

25.03 (16.23, 30.77)

44.62 (33.89, 58.92)

1.89 (1.63, 2.14)

5.85 (3.78, 7.08)

4.32 (3.31, 5.57)

− 1.10

(− 1.35,

− 0.85)

110.62 (70.31, 136.01)

78.58 (59.12, 103.7)

− 1.15

( − 1.39,

− 0.92)

Female

2.40 (1.93, 2.93)

1.89 (1.44, 2.39)

− 0.73

(− 0.99,

− 0.48)

7.83 (6.21, 9.63)

9.78 (7.58, 12.41)

0.75 (0.55, 0.95)

1.83 (1.49, 2.20)

0.92 (0.70, 1.15)

− 2.19

(− 2.49,

− 1.88)

37.39 (30.13, 45.74)

17.82 (13.66, 22.57)

− 2.37

(− 2.63,

− 2.11)

High SDI

Both

11.20 (10.7, 11.56)

10.60 (9.78, 11.14)

− 0.18

(− 0.33,

− 0.037)

63.58 (61.25, 65.36)

66.81 (62.85, 69.58)

0.15 (0.057, 0.24)

4.35 (4.07, 4.52)

3.40 (3.03, 3.61)

− 0.80

(− 0.95,

− 0.76)

87.92 (83.98, 91.16)

65.07 (60.13, 68.71)

− 0.98

(− 1.06,

− 0.91)

Male

19.99 (19.14,20.61)

9.05 (6.89, 11.95)

− 0.41

(− 0.57,

− 0.25)

109.06 (105.55, 112.18)

108.34 (102.38, 112.60)

− 0.042

(− 0.14, 0.055)

8.01 (7.58, 8.30)

5.83 (5.29, 6.17)

− 1.04

(− 1.12,

− 0.96)

155.07 (148.84, 160.71)

107.14 (99.97, 113.05)

− 1.17

(− 1.24,

− 1.11)

Female

5.14 (4.75, 5.35)

1.89 (1.44, 2.39)

− 0.17

(− 0.28,

− 0.071)

29.39 (27.64, 30.48)

30.92 (28.18, 32.49)

0.16 (0.033, 0.30)

2.14 (1.92, 2.25)

1.64 (1.38, 1.79)

− 0.86

(− 0.95,

− 0.76)

41.22 (38.28, 43.1)

31.14 (27.49, 33.36)

− 0.92

(− 1.01,

− 0.82)

High-middle SDI

Both

8.43 (7.74, 8.97)

8.24 (7.53, 9.15)

− 0.073

(− 0.15, 0.0012)

40.79 (37.87, 43.20)

47.22 (43.56, 52.05)

0.49 (0.40, 0.57)

4.32 (3.90, 4.63)

3.25 (2.94, 3.60)

− 0.92

(− 1.08,

− 0.75)

90.85 (81.08, 97.72)

63.84 (58.43, 70.77)

− 1.12

(− 1.28,

− 0.97)

Male

16.54 (14.88, 17.83)

15.34 (13.85, 17.23)

− 0.24

(− 0.36,

− 0.11)

76.81 (70.27, 81.91)

85.31 (77.52, 95.39)

0.34 (0.17, 0.51)

8.75 (7.73, 9.50)

6.25 (5.62, 6.95)

− 1.08

(− 1.24,

− 0.91)

173.58 (151.15, 189.43)

116.95 (105.23, 131.65)

− 1.29

(− 1.47,

− 1.10)

Female

2.93 (2.68, 3.13)

2.80 (2.44, 3.13)

− 0.12

(− 0.31, 0.075)

13.78 (12.71, 14.6)

15.88 (14.20, 17.60)

0.48 (0.37, 0.59)

1.66 (1.51, 1.80)

1.21 (1.03, 1.36)

− 0.99

(− 1.09,

− 0.89)

33.71 (30.23, 36.66)

23.23 (20.3, 25.9)

− 1.18

(− 1.29,

− 1.08)

Middle SDI

Both

3.23 (2.71, 3.58)

3.72 (3.24, 4.35)

0.45 (0.31, 0.60)

11.45 (9.53, 12.72)

18.00 (15.60, 21.03)

1.50 (1.38, 1.62)

2.32 (1.98, 2.56)

1.89 (1.65, 2.20)

− 0.67

(− 0.86,

− 0.47)

48.57 (40.70, 53.98)

37.63 (33.12, 43.7)

− 0.83

(− 0.98,

− 0.68)

Male

5.10 (3.98, 5.90)

6.37 (5.33, 7.68)

0.73 (0.53, 0.93)

18 (13.95, 20.71)

30.33 (25.66, 36.88)

1.73 (1.59, 1.87)

3.67 (2.87, 4.20)

3.25 (2.75, 3.93)

− 0.45

(− 0.55,

− 0.35)

74.39 (57.01, 86.27)

62.38 (52.61, 75.18)

− 0.60

(− 0.79,

− 0.41)

Female

1.62 (1.42, 1.84)

1.47 (1.29, 1.69)

− 0.30

(− 0.46,

− 0.14)

5.34 (4.70, 6.05)

6.83 (6.01, 7.84)

0.82 (0.66, 0.99)

1.24 (1.09, 1.42)

0.83 (0.72, 0.95)

− 1.27

(− 1.44,

− 1.10)

25.97 (22.60, 29.71)

16.61 (14.77, 18.94)

− 1.43

(− 1.58,

− 1.28)

Low-middle SDI

Both

2.58 (2.18, 2.89)

2.64 (2.32, 3.48)

0.098

(− 0.026, 0.22)

8.69 (6.88, 9.72)

10.56 (9.19, 13.93)

0.65 (0.54, 0.76)

1.93 (1.67, 2.17)

1.68 (1.48, 2.21)

− 0.38

(− 0.54,

− 0.21)

41.49 (35.19, 46.52)

35.18 (30.99, 45.55)

− 0.50

(− 0.60,

− 0.40)

Male

3.90 (3.06, 4.54)

4.28 (3.65, 6.08)

0.31 (0.17, 0.45)

13.44 (9.81, 15.56)

17.26 (14.7, 24.3)

0.82 (0.65, 0.99)

2.86 (2.30, 3.36)

2.69 (2.30, 3.82)

− 0.16

(− 0.30,

− 0.018)

61.00 (47.68, 71.65)

55.02 (47.14, 76.94)

− 0.31

(− 0.41,

− 0.21)

Female

1.26 (1.11, 1.42)

1.19 (1.06, 1.44)

− 0.17

(− 0.31,

− 0.04)

3.81 (3.40, 4.25)

4.37 (3.97, 5.26)

0.49 (0.40, 0.57)

1.01 (0.89, 1.17)

0.82 (0.74, 0.99)

− 0.61

(− 0.83,

− 0.40)

21.75 (19.16, 24.89)

17.48 (15.68, 20.8)

− 0.68

(− 0.80,

− 0.56)

Low SDI

Both

2.97 (2.49, 3.44)

2.95 (2.56, 3.42)

− 0.0017 (− 0.11, 0.10)

7.95 (6.80, 9.17)

9.39 (8.09, 10.87)

0.55 (0.43, 0.68)

2.49 (2.11, 2.87)

2.26 (1.97, 2.63)

− 0.29

(− 0.42,

− 0.16)

51.93 (44.13, 59.85)

45.95 (39.78, 53.52)

− 0.37

(− 0.49,

− 0.25)

Male

3.94 (2.91, 4.85)

4.11 (3.44, 5.03)

0.16 (0.04, 0.27)

10.48 (7.97, 12.87)

13.02 (10.88, 15.83)

0.71 (0.62, 0.82)

3.30 (2.43, 4.06)

3.12 (2.64, 3.86)

− 0.14

(− 0.29, 0.0057)

66.96 (49.69, 83.04)

62.38 (51.84, 76.65)

− 0.20

(− 0.35,

− 0.054)

Female

2.02 (1.69, 2.40)

1.89 (1.65, 2.18)

− 0.20

(− 0.28,

− 0.12)

5.34 (4.45, 6.34)

5.92 (5.16, 6.85)

0.35 (0.30, 0.40)

1.72 (1.44, 2.04)

1.48 (1.29, 1.70)

− 0.48

(− 0.60,

− 0.36)

36.89 (30.53, 44.27)

30.72 (26.86, 35.51)

− 0.58

(− 0.65,

− 0.51)