Table 8 Comparative analysis of covariance estimation methods using financial metrics. Monthly return data benchmark test simulation results.

From: Application of regularized covariance matrices in logistic regression and portfolio optimization

Evaluation index

Estimation methods

Sample covariance

Ledoit-Wolf

Aggregation

ASRM

Nonlinear-shrinkage

Total revenue

\(2.1 \times 10^{-7}\)

\(6.8 \times 10^{-3}\)

\(7.5 \times 10^{-3}\)

\(8.2 \times 10^{-3}\)

\(-0.11 \times 10^{0}\)

Portfolio risk (S.D.)

\(2.0 \times 10^{-8}\)

\(3.0 \times 10^{-3}\)

\(3.4 \times 10^{-3}\)

\(3.8 \times 10^{-3}\)

\(4.9 \times 10^{-8}\)

Sharpe Ratio

10.626

1.141

2.057

2.291

\(-2291164.972\)

Max Drawdown

\(-1.13 \times 10^{-7}\)

\(-0.0123\)

\(-0.00775\)

\(-0.00531\)

\(-0.156\)