Table 13 Ablation study of proposed method.

Edge attention-residual graph convolutional networks (EA-RGCN)²⁷

90.47

91.16

89

90.03

BERT³⁴

92.53

94.21

95.77

89.47

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)²⁶

96.4

99.4

96

99.1

CNN-LSTM⁴³

91

92

99

95

HB³LSTM + explainable AI (proposed)

99.68

99.43

99.54

99.40