Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study participants.

Age [IQR] (years)

75 [72, 80]

76 [73, 81]

75 [72, 79]

 < 0.001

Height (cm)

155.30 ± 8.56

163.98 ± 6.36

150.57 ± 5.25

 < 0.001

Body weight (kg)

54.88 ± 9.90

62.39 ± 9.45

50.79 ± 7.44

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

22.64 ± 3.05

23.29 ± 3.04

22.29 ± 2.99

0.002

SBP (mmHg)

140.90 ± 17.31

138.83 ± 17.08

142.04 ± 17.33

0.045

DBP (mmHg)

79.55 ± 11.41

78.11 ± 11.33

80.33 ± 11.37

0.035

Comorbid conditions, n (%)

  Hypertension

56 (10.98)

23 (12.78)

33 (10.00)

0.338

  Diabetes mellitus

11 (2.16)

4 (2.22)

7 (2.12)

0.940

  Dyslipidemia

25 (4.90)

5 (2.78)

20 (6.06)

0.100

  Liver disease

5 (0.98)

3 (1.67)

2 (0.61)

0.245

  Kidney disease

6 (1.18)

4 (2.22)

2 (0.61)

0.106

  Cardiovascular disease

22 (4.31)

14 (7.78)

8 (2.42)

0.005

  Asthma

2 (0.39)

1 (0.56)

1 (0.30)

0.663

  Osteoporosis

11 (2.16)

1 (0.56)

10 (3.03)

0.066

  RA & Collagen disease

4 (0.78)

1 (0.56)

3 (0.91)

0.665

  Thyroid disease

7 (1.37)

2 (1.11)

5 (1.52)

0.708

  Hematologic diseases

6 (1.18)

3 (1.67)

3 (0.91)

0.448

  Stroke

3 (0.59)

2 (1.11)

1 (0.30)

0.254

  History of cancer

19 (3.73)

11 (6.11)

8 (2.42)

0.036

Muscle mass

  QMCSA (cm²)

45.52 ± 10.05

54.41 ± 9.95

40.67 ± 5.95

0.011

  SMI (kg/m²)

6.41 ± 0.95

7.34 ± 0.74

5.90 ± 0.61

 < 0.001

Muscle strength and physical performance

  GS (m/s)

1.37 ± 0.26

1.34 ± 0.29

1.39 ± 0.25

0.069

  HGS (kg)

26.71 ± 7.09

33.64 ± 6.64

22.95 ± 3.67

 < 0.001

  KES (Nm)

81.11 ± 27.03

101.52 ± 30.17

70.07 ± 16.93

 < 0.001

  5CS (s)

8.06 ± 3.49

8.48 ± 3.48

7.84 ± 3.48

0.049

Sarcopenia, n (%)

48 (9.41)

26 (14.44)

22 (6.67)

0.004

Frailty (KCL)

0.422

  Robust, n (%)

265 (51.96)

100 (55.56)

165 (50.00)

  Prefrail, n (%)

171 (33.53)

54 (30.00)

117 (35.45)

  Frail, n (%)

74 (14.51)

26 (14.44)

48 (14.55)