Table 3 Approximate sensor cost breakdown.

From: Enhanced CNN based approach for IoT edge enabled smart car driving system for improving real time control and navigation

Sensor type

Standard model cost (USD)

Low-cost alternative (USD)

GPS sensor

$50–100

$30–50

RGB camera

$100–150

$50–80

Doppler radar

$150–300

$80–120

LiDAR

$800–1,500

$400–700 (solid-state LiDAR)

Ultrasonic sensor

$10–30 per unit

$5–15 per unit

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