Table 1 Baseline characteristics of include studies.
Study | Year | Country | Background therapy | Study duration | Intervention and GLP-1 RAs doses (Arm1/2/3) | T2DM duration (years) | N | Male | Age (years) | FPG (mmol/L) | HbA1-c (%) | BMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmann | 2018 | UK | OADs | 56w | Sem 1 mg/EQW 2 mg | 9.2 | 809 | 447 | 56.6 | —— | 8.3 | 33.8 |
Araki | 2015 | Japan | Sul/BG | 26w | Dul 0.75 mg/Ins | 8.9 | 361 | 258 | 56.8 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 26.0 |
Aroda | 2019 | USA | Diet | 26w | Sem 14 mg/Pla | 3.4 | 353 | 175 | 54.0 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 31.9 |
Bergenstal | 2010 | USA | Met | 26w | EQW 2 mg/Sit | 5.7 | 491 | 254 | 52.3 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 32.0 |
Buse | 2004 | USA | Sul | 30w | EBID 5ug/EBID 10ug/Pla | 6.2 | 377 | 225 | 55.3 | 10.2 | 8.6 | 33.3 |
Buse | 2013 | USA | OADs ± Diet | 26w | EQW 2 mg/Lir 1.8 mg | 8.5 | 911 | 499 | 57.0 | 9.7 | 8.5 | 32.3 |
Chen | 2018 | China | OADs | 26w | Dul 1.5 mg/Dul 0.75 mg/Glim | 3.8 | 720 | 391 | 52.9 | —— | 8.0 | 25.9 |
Dungan | 2014 | USA | Met | 30w | Dul 1.5 mg/Lir 1.8 mg | 7.2 | 599 | 287 | 56.7 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 33.6 |
Dungan | 2016 | USA | Glim | 24w | Dul 1.5 mg/Pla | 7.6 | 299 | 132 | 57.8 | 9.9 | 8.4 | 31.2 |
Frías | 2016 | USA | Met | 28w | EQW 2 mg/Dap | 7.2 | 457 | 226 | 54.5 | 10.9 | 9.3 | 32.5 |
Furusawa | 2024 | Japan | DPP-4 is | 24w | Sem 14 mg/DDP-4i | —— | 157 | 98 | 62.9 | —— | 7.6 | 26.2 |
Garber | 2009 | USA | OADs ± Diet | 52w | Lir 1.2 mg/Lir 1.8 mg/Glim | 5.3 | 746 | 371 | 53.1 | 9.4 | 8.3 | 33.1 |
Giorgino | 2015 | Italy | Met + Gli | 52w | Dul 1.5 mg/Dul 0.75 mg/Ins | 9.0 | 807 | 414 | 56.7 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 31.7 |
Heise | 2022 | Germany | Met + lifestyle | 28w | Tir 15 mg/Sem 1 mg/Pla | 10.4 | 117 | 86 | 61.9 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 31.4 |
Inagaki | 2022 | Japan | OADs | 52w | Tir 15 mg/Dul 0.75 mg | 5.1 | 319 | 249 | 56.7 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 28.0 |
Joubert | 2021 | Ftance | Ins | 26w | EBID 10ug/Pla | 18.9 | 46 | 20 | 59.8 | —— | 8.8 | 35.3 |
Kadowaki | 2011 | Japan | Sul/BG | 24w | EBID 5ug/EBID 10ug/Pla | 12.0 | 179 | 122 | 58.5 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 25.5 |
Kaku | 2011 | Japan | OADs | 52w | Lir 0.9 mg/Glib | 8.2 | 400 | 269 | 58.3 | —— | 9.3 | 24.8 |
Kimura | 2023 | Japan | GLP-1RAs | 24w | Dul 0.75 mg/Sem 1 mg | 13.9 | 107 | 59 | 62.7 | —— | 8.0 | 29.3 |
Kondo | 2024 | Japan | Met | 24w | Dul 0.75 mg/Tre | 10.2 | 48 | 25 | 65.6 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 25.4 |
Li | 2014 | China | OADs | 24w | Lir 1.2 mg/Sax/Vil | 5.5 | 178 | 109 | 47.1 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 26.3 |
Li | 2019 | China | Sul ± Met | 52w | Dul 1.5 mg/Dul 0.75 mg/Ins | 7.9 | 591 | 360 | 54.5 | 9.7 | 8.4 | 26.0 |
Lingvay | 2019 | USA | Met | 52w | Sem 1 mg/Can | 7.4 | 788 | 424 | 56.6 | 9.4 | 8.3 | 32.4 |
Ludvik | 2018 | Austria | Met ± Diet | 26w | Dul 1.5 mg/Dul 0.75 mg/Pla | 9.4 | 423 | 212 | 57.3 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 32.7 |
Moretto | 2008 | USA | Diet | 24w | EBID 5ug/EBID 10ug/Pla | 1.7 | 232 | 169 | 54.0 | 8.9 | 7.8 | 31.3 |
Nakaguchi | 2020 | Japan | Ins | 24w | Lir 0.9 mg/Emp | 18.9 | 61 | 42 | 66.7 | 9.1 | 8.1 | 26.1 |
Nauck | 2016 | Germany | Met | 26w | Lir 1.8 mg/Lix 20ug | 6.4 | 404 | 120 | 56.2 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 34.7 |
Nauck | 2016 | Germany | Diet | 52w | Alb 50 mg/Alb 30 mg/Pla | 4.0 | 301 | 166 | 53.0 | —— | 8.1 | 33.5 |
Onishi | 2015 | Japan | Sul ± Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 12.2 | 127 | 83 | 59.3 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 25.4 |
Otowa | 2018 | Japan | Sit | 12w | Lix 20ug/Vil | 16.4 | 38 | 22 | 63.1 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 25.5 |
Patorno | 2015 | Japan | Ins ± Sul | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 12.4 | 159 | 105 | 58.0 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 25.0 |
Pinget | 2013 | France | Pio ± Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 8.1 | 484 | 104 | 55.8 | 9.1 | 8.1 | 33.9 |
Pratley | 2019 | USA | Met ± SGLT2 is | 52w | Sem 14 mg/Lir 1.8 mg/Pla | 7.6 | 711 | 370 | 56.2 | 9.3 | 8.0 | 32.9 |
Pratley | 2018 | USA | Met | 40w | Sem 1 mg/Dul 1.5 mg | 7.4 | 599 | 333 | 55.5 | 9.7 | 8.2 | 33.4 |
Pratley | 2010 | USA | Met | 26w | Lir 1.8 mg/Sit | 6.4 | 440 | 236 | 55.0 | 9.9 | 8.4 | 32.9 |
Pratley | 2014 | USA | OADs | 32w | Alb 50 mg/Lir 1.8 mg | 8.3 | 812 | 409 | 55.6 | —— | 8.2 | 32.8 |
Reusch | 2014 | USA | Pio ± Met | 52w | Alb 30 mg/Pla | 7.9 | 301 | 180 | 55.0 | 9.3 | 8.1 | 34.2 |
Riddle | 2013 | USA | Ins ± Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 12.5 | 495 | 228 | 57.0 | —— | 8.4 | 32.1 |
Rodbard | 2018 | USA | Ins ± Met | 30w | Sem 0.5 mg/Sem 1 mg/Pla | 13.3 | 396 | 222 | 58.8 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 32.2 |
Rodbard | 2019 | USA | Met | 52w | Sem 14 mg/Emp | 7.4 | 821 | 415 | 57.5 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 32.9 |
Rosenstock | 2014 | USA | Sul ± Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 9.3 | 859 | 434 | 57.3 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 30.2 |
Rosenstock | 2013 | USA | Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/EBID 10ug | 6.8 | 634 | 338 | 57.4 | 9.7 | 8.0 | 33.6 |
Rosenstock | 2021 | USA | Diet | 40w | Tir 10 mg/Tir 15 mg/Pla | 4.8 | 357 | 191 | 54.1 | 8.5 | 8.0 | 31.0 |
Seino | 2016 | Japan | Ins | 36w | Lir 0.9 mg/Pla | 14.5 | 257 | 144 | 60.5 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 25.7 |
Seino | 2012 | Japan | Ins ± Sul | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 13.9 | 311 | 149 | 58.3 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 25.3 |
Seino | 2010 | Japan | OADs ± Diet | 24w | Lir 0.9 mg/Glib | 8.2 | 400 | 133 | 58.3 | 11.3 | 8.9 | 24.5 |
Sorli | 2017 | USA | Diet | 30w | Sem 0.5 mg/Sem 1 mg/Pla | 4.2 | 387 | 210 | 53.7 | —— | 8.1 | 33.0 |
Su | 2014 | China | Met | 52w | EBID 10ug/Ins | 0.6 | 60 | —— | 46.0 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 38.4 |
Tamura | 2015 | Japan | Diet | 26w | Dul 0.75/Lir 0.9 mg/Pla | 6.6 | 487 | 396 | 57.4 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 25.5 |
Tan | 2015 | USA | Sul ± Met | 24w | Lir 1.8 mg/Ins | 8.5 | 944 | 513 | 57.2 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 31.9 |
Terauchi | 2014 | Japan | OADs ± Diet | 12w | Dul 0.75 mg/Pla | 4.7 | 72 | 57 | 51.9 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 27.3 |
Umpierrez | 2014 | USA | Diet | 26w | Dul 1.5 mg/Dul 0.75 mg/Met | 3.0 | 807 | 353 | 55.7 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 33.3 |
Van Eyk | 2019 | Netherlands | Standard care | 26w | Lir 1.8 mg/Pla | 17.0 | 47 | 19 | 55.0 | —— | 8.4 | 29.4 |
Vanderheiden | 2016 | USA | Ins | 26w | Lir 1.8 mg/Pla | 17.0 | 71 | 38 | 54.1± | 11.9 | 8.9 | 41.2 |
Weissman | 2014 | USA | Sul ± Met | 52w | Alb 30 mg/Ins | 8.7 | 745 | 418 | 55.4 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 33.1 |
Yabe | 2020 | Japan | OADs | 52w | Sem 14 mg/Dul 0.75 mg | 9.4 | 195 | 118 | 58.3 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 26.2 |
Yamada | 2020 | Japan | Diet ± OADs | 52w | Sem 14 mg/Lir 0.9 mg/Pla | 7.7 | 145 | 119 | 59.7 | 9.2 | 8.2 | 25.6 |
Yang | 2022 | China | Met ± OADs | 24w | Lix 20ug/Ins | 8.9 | 527 | 282 | 56.4 | 9.9 | 8.3 | 26.0 |
Yang | 2018 | China | Ins ± Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 10.3 | 448 | 203 | 55.1 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 27.7 |
Yin | 2018 | China | Met | 16w | EBID 10ug/Ins | 5.4 | 39 | 22 | 48.1 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 27.5 |
Yu | 2014 | China | Sul ± Met | 24w | Lix 20ug/Pla | 6.6 | 390 | 192 | 54.8 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 26.9 |
Zang | 2016 | China | Met | 26w | Lir 1.8 mg/Sit | 5.2 | 367 | 219 | 51.5 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 27.2 |
Zhang | 2020 | China | OADs | 52w | EBID 10ug/Ins | 7.3 | 59 | 33 | 58.4 | 10.4 | 8.5 | 24.0 |
Zinman | 2009 | Canada | OADs | 26w | Lir 1.2 mg/Lir 1.8 mg/Pla | 9.0 | 300 | 170 | 55.0 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 33.6 |
