Table 1 Characteristics of the 499 study participants stratified by high-altitude exposure classification.

From: The association between altitude and cerebral small vessel disease burden in the Tibetan population: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Total (n = 499)

Mid-high altitude group (n = 79)

Ultra-high altitude group (n = 420)

p-value

Age, year

57.6 ± 11.7

57.8 ± 10.0

57.6 ± 12.0

0.857

HB, g/L

148.1 ± 24.2

141.9 ± 19.2

149.3 ± 24.9

0.013

RBC, 1012/L

4.8 ± 0.7

4.7 ± 0.6

4.8 ± 0.8

0.086

HCT, %

44.2 ± 7.3

42.4 ± 5.8

44.5 ± 7.5

0.017

BMI, kg/m2

26.2 ± 4.0

26.2 ± 3.9

26.1 ± 4.0

0.819

Sex, n (%)

   

0.636

 Female

221 (44.2)

33 (41.8)

188 (44.7)

 

 Male

279 (55.8)

46 (58.2)

233 (55.3)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

   

0.586

 Non-smoker

307 (61.4)

47 (59.5)

260 (61.8)

 

 Former smoker

106 (21.2)

20 (25.3)

86 (20.4)

 

 Smoker

87 (17.4)

12 (15.2)

75 (17.8)

 

Alcohol status, n (%)

   

0.440

 Non-drinker

283 (56.6)

44 (55.7)

239 (56.8)

 

 Former drinker

128 (25.6)

24 (30.4)

104 (24.7)

 

 Drinker

89 (17.8)

11 (13.9)

78 (18.5)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

   

0.060

 No

251 (50.2)

32 (40.5)

219 (52)

 

 Yes

249 (49.8)

47 (59.5)

202 (48)

 

Diabetes, n (%)

  

0.030

 No

431 (86.2)

62 (78.5)

369 (87.6)

 

 Yes

69 (13.8)

17 (21.5)

52 (12.4)

 

CAD, n (%)

   

0.245

 No

476 (95.2)

73 (92.4)

403 (95.7)

 

 Yes

24 ( 4.8)

6 (7.6)

18 (4.3)

 

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

   

0.799

 No

465 (93.0)

74 (93.7)

391 (92.9)

 

 Yes

35 ( 7.0)

5 (6.3)

30 (7.1)

 

Stroke, n (%)

   

0.625

 No

448 (89.6)

72 (91.1)

376 (89.3)

 

 Yes

52 (10.4)

7 (8.9)

45 (10.7)

 

Antiplatelet drugs, n (%)

   

0.740

 No

430 (86.0)

67 (84.8)

363 (86.2)

 

 Yes

70 (14.0)

12 (15.2)

58 (13.8)

 

Antihypertensive therapy, n (%)

   

0.621

 No

341 (68.2)

52 (65.8)

289 (68.6)

 

 Yes

159 (31.8)

27 (34.2)

132 (31.4)

 

Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%)

   

0.946

 No

419 (83.8)

66 (83.5)

353 (83.8)

 

 Yes

81 (16.2)

13 (16.5)

68 (16.2)

 

Hypoglycemic therapy, n (%)

  

0.005

 No

449 (89.8)

64 (81)

385 (91.4)

 

 Yes

51 (10.2)

15 (19)

36 (8.6)

 

Severity of CSVD, n (%)

   

0.416

 Non-mild

384 (77.0)

58 (73.4)

326 (77.6)

 

 Moderate-severe

115 (23.0)

21 (26.6)

94 (22.4)

 

RSSI, n (%)

   

1.000

 No

468 (93.8)

74 (93.7)

394 (93.8)

 

 Yes

31 ( 6.2)

5 (6.3)

26 (6.2)

 

LI, n (%)

   

0.909

 No

444 (89.0)

70 (88.6)

374 (89)

 

 Yes

55 (11.0)

9 (11.4)

46 (11)

 

WMH, n (%)

   

0.411

 No

360 (72.1)

60 (75.9)

300 (71.4)

 

 Yes

139 (27.9)

19 (24.1)

120 (28.6)

 

EPVS, n (%)

   

0.434

 No

449 (90.0)

73 (92.4)

376 (89.5)

 

 Yes

50 (10.0)

6 (7.6)

44 (10.5)

 

MAD, n (%)

   

0.160

 No

319 (63.9)

45 (57)

274 (65.2)

 

 Yes

180 (36.1)

34 (43)

146 (34.8)

 
  1. The data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation, or frequency (%), as appropriate.
  2. BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CSVD cerebral small-vessel disease, RSSI recent small subcortical infarcts, LI lacunar infarction, WMH white matter hyperintensities, EPVS enlarged perivascular space, HB hemoglobin, RBC red blood cells, HCT hematocrit, MAD manifest arterial disease.
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