Table 1 Spatiotemporal data for each grade and speed condition. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. speed 1: 5k pace + 1:00 min/mile; speed 2: 5k pace + 0:30 min/mile; speed 3: 5k pace. *Significant main effect of grade, UH v. LG (p < 0.05); †Significant main effect of speed interval, DH v. LG (p < 0.05).

From: Biomechanical strategies to achieve faster running speeds on level ground, uphill and downhill grades

 

Level ground

Uphill

Downhill

Step Frequency (steps/min)*†

   

Speed 1

169 ± 11

177 ± 15

168 ± 16

Speed 2

171 ± 14

181 ± 15

168 ± 14

Speed 3

174 ± 14

187 ± 17

173 ± 18

Step Length (m)*

   

Speed 1

1.15 ± 0.13

1.11 ± 0.12

1.17 ± 0.17

Speed 2

1.22 ± 0.15

1.15 ± 0.14

1.24 ± 0.17

Speed 3

1.28 ± 0.17

1.20 ± 0.14

1.29 ± 0.21

Contact Time (ms)

   

Speed 1

226 ± 24

231 ± 25

221 ± 22

Speed 2

220 ± 24

223 ± 26

215 ± 22

Speed 3

210 ± 21

215 ± 26

207 ± 20

Swing Time (ms)*

   

Speed 1

487 ± 27

452 ± 28

501 ± 59

Speed 2

484 ± 37

445 ± 29

506 ± 51

Speed 3

485 ± 36

434 ± 35

496 ± 58

Flight Time (ms)*

   

Speed 1

131 ± 11

110 ± 7

141 ± 32

Speed 2

133 ± 12

110 ± 7

146 ± 27

Speed 3

137 ± 12

110 ± 9

145 ± 28

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