Table 2 Stance phase joint work data for each grade and speed condition. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. speed 1: 5k pace + 1:00 min/mile; speed 2: 5k pace + 0:30 min/mile; speed 3: 5k pace. No significant interaction or main effects were detected during stance phase.

From: Biomechanical strategies to achieve faster running speeds on level ground, uphill and downhill grades

 

Level Ground

Uphill

Downhill

Hip

   

Stance Phase Negative Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.248 ± 0.171

0.095 ± 0.092

0.148 ± 0.121

Speed 2

0.267 ± 0.176

0.105 ± 0.106

0.165 ± 0.122

Speed 3

0.262 ± 0.161

0.098 ± 0.085

0.165 ± 0.130

Stance Phase Positive Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.062 ± 0.063

0.365 ± 0.272

0.037 ± 0.031

Speed 2

0.070 ± 0.072

0.410 ± 0.316

0.042 ± 0.043

Speed 3

0.084 ± 0.085

0.425 ± 0.276

0.050 ± 0.051

Knee

   

Stance Phase Negative Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.412 ± 0.118

0.206 ± 0.092

0.622 ± 0.204

Speed 2

0.407 ± 0.134

0.203 ± 0.096

0.606 ± 0.204

Speed 3

0.414 ± 0.150

0.219 ± 0.093

0.629 ± 0.219

Stance Phase Positive Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.213 ± 0.073

0.227 ± 0.058

0.124 ± 0.070

Speed 2

0.231 ± 0.094

0.233 ± 0.060

0.134 ± 0.062

Speed 3

0.220 ± 0.073

0.219 ± 0.066

0.118 ± 0.058

Ankle

   

Stance Phase Negative Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.470 ± 0.153

0.515 ± 0.162

0.511 ± 0.170

Speed 2

0.500 ± 0.162

0.542 ± 0.135

0.525 ± 0.161

Speed 3

0.542 ± 0.178

0.548 ± 0.139

0.542 ± 0.178

Stance Phase Positive Work (J/kg)

   

Speed 1

0.733 ± 0.090

1.05 ± 0.093

0.410 ± 0.126

Speed 2

0.732 ± 0.077

1.06 ± 0.121

0.425 ± 0.113

Speed 3

0.760 ± 0.102

1.08 ± 0.115

0.437 ± 0.124

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